Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 3.djvu/356

Rh 344 PHOENIX. 260, as he ridiculed the league of Antigonus and Pyrrhus in one of his comedies (Hesych. s. v. Svua- trai (nctiirdv). Meineke, therefore, fixes the time at which he exhibited comedy at Athens about 01. 127, B. c. 27"2. The following titles of his dramas are preserved : — AvArjrpfSes, Mtcrou^ei'Tj or Miaov- ycievos, and ^vKapxos. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. Tol. i. pp. 4fil, 482, iv. pp. 509—512.) [P. S.] PHOENIX (^oivil). 1. According to Homer the father of Europa (Hom. Tl. xiv. 321) ; but ac- cording to others he was a son of Agenor by Agriope or Telephassa, and therefore a brother of Europa. Being sent out by his father in search of his sister, who was carried off by Zeus, he went to Africa, and there gave his name to a people who were called after him Phoenices. (ApoUod. iii. 1. § 1 ; Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 905 ; H ygin. Fab. 178.) According to some traditions he became, by Perimede, the daughter of Oeneus, the father of Astypalaea and Europa (Pans. vii. 4. § 2), by Telephe the father of Peirus, Astypale, Europa, and Phoenice (Schol. ad Eurip. Phoen. 5), and by Alphesiboea, the father of Adonis. (ApoUod. iii. 14. § 4.) 2. A son of Amyntor by Cleobule or Hippoda- meia, was king of the Dolopes, and took part not only in the Calydonian hunt (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 421 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 762 ; Hygin. Fab. 1 73 ; Ov. Met. viii. 307), but being a friend of Peleus, he accompanied Achilles on his expedition against Troy. (Hygin. Fab. 257; Ov. Heroid. iii. 27; ApoUod. iii. 13. § 8.) His father Amyntor ne- glected his legitimate wife, and attached himself to a mistress, but the former desired her son to dis- honour her rival. Phoenix yielded to the request of his mother, and Amyntor, who discovered it, cursed him, and prayed that he might never be blessed with any offspring. Phoenix now desired to quit his father's house, but his relations com- pelled him to remain. At last, however, he fled to Peleus, who received him kindly, made him the ruler of the country of the Dolopes, on the frontiers of Phthia, and entrusted to him his son Achilles, whom he was to educate. (Hom. //. ix. 447, &c.) According to another tradition, Phoenix did not dishonour his father's mistress (Phthia or Clytia), but she merely accused him of having made im- proper overtures to her, in consequence of which his father put out his eyes. But Peleus took him to Cheiron, who restored to him his sight. (ApoUod. iii. 13. § 8.) Phoenix moreover is said to have called the son of Achilles Neoptolemus, after Ly- comedes had called him Pyrrhus. (Pans. x. 26, § 1.) Neoptolemus was believed to have buried Phoenix at Eion in Macedonia or at Trachis in Thessaly. (Tzetz. ad Lye. 417; Strab. ix. p. 428.) It must further be observed, that Phoenix is one of the mythical beings to whom the ancients ascribed the invention of the alphabet. (Tzetz. Chii. xii. 68.) 3. We must notice here the fabulous bird Phoenix, who, according to a beUef which Herodo- tus (ii. 73) heard at Heliopolis in Egypt, visited that place once in every five hundred years, on his father's death, and buried him in the sanctuary of Helios. For this purpose Phoenix was believed to come from Arabia, and to make an eg^ of myrrh as large as possible ; this egg he then hoUowed out and put into it his father, closing it up carefully, and the egg was believed then to be of exactly the same weight as before. This bird was represented PHOENIX. resembling an eagle, with feathers partly red and partly golden. (Comp. Achill. Tat. iii. 25.) Of this bird it is further related, that when his life drew to a close, he built a nest for himself in Arabia, to which he imparted the power of genera- tion, so that after his death a new phoenix rose out of it. As soon as the latter was grown up, he, like his predecessor, proceeded to Heliopolis in Egypt, and burned and buried his father in the temple of Helios. (Tac. Jrm. vi. 28.) According to a story which has gained more currency in mo- dern times. Phoenix, when he arrived at a very old age (some say 500 and others 1461 years), committed himself to the flames. (Lucian, De Mori. Per. 27 ; Philostr. Vit. ApoUon. iii. 49. ) Others, again, state that only one Phoenix lived at a time, and that when he died a worm crept forth from his body, and was developed into a new Phoenix by the heat of the sun. His death, fur- ther, took place in Egypt after a life of 7006 years. (Tzetz. Cldl. V. 397, &c. ; Plin. //. N. x. 2 ; Ov. Met. XV. 392, &c.) Another modification of the same story relates, that when Phoenix arrived at the age of 500 years, he built for himself a funeral pile, consisting of spices, settled upon it, and died. Out of the decomposing body he then rose again, and having grown up, he wrapped the remains of his old body up in myrrh, carried them to Helio- polis, and burnt them there. (Pompon. Mela, iii. 8, in fin. ; Stat. Silv. ii. 4. 36.) Similar stories of marvellous birds occur in many parts of the East, as in Persia, the legend of the bird Simorg, and in India of the bird Semendar. (Comp. Bochart, Meroz. iii. p. 809.) [L. S.] PHOENIX (*om|), historical. 1. A Theban, who was one of the leaders in the insurrection against Alexander, on which account the king, when he appeared before the city, sent to demand his surrender, together with Prothytas. The Thebans treated the request with derision, and demanded in return that Alexander should give up to them Philotas and Antipater. (Plut. Aleoc-. 11.) 2. A native of Tenedos, who held a high rank in the army of Eumenes, B. c. 321. In the great battle fought by the latter against Craterus and Neoptolemus, the command of the left wing, which was opposed to Craterus, was entrusted to Phoenix and Pharnabazus, and composed principally of Asiatic troops ; Eumenes being apprehensive of opposing any Macedonians to a general so popular with his countrymen. As soon as they came in sight of the enemy the two commanders charged the army of Craterus, which was unable to with- stand the shock, and the aged general himself pe- rished in the confusion (Plut. Eum. 7). Shortly after we find Phoenix despatched by Eumenes with a select force against his revolted general Perdiccas, whom he surprised by a rapid night march, and took him prisoner almost without opposition (Diod. xviii. 40). After the faU of Eumenes Phoenix appears to have entered the service of Antigonus, but in B.C. 310 he was persuaded by Ptolemy (the nephew and general of the king of Asia), to whom he was attached by the closest friendship, to join the latter in his defection from Antigonus. Phoenix at this time held the important command of the Hellespontine Phrj-gia, on which account Antigonus hastened to send an army against him under the command of his younger son PhUippus (Id. XX. 19). The result of the operations is not mentioned j but Phoenix seems to have been not