Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 3.djvu/169

Rh PAUSANIAS. Fragmenta Vaticana^ § 247, from the Lib. I. Edi- iionis secundae de Jurisdtctione singulari. The enumeration of the works of Paulus is not made merely for the sake of completeness. To those who are conversant with the matter of juris- prudence it shows his wonderful fertility and the great variety of subjects on which he was employed. Cujacius has devoted to the Libri ad Edictum and the Quaestiones of Paulus the whole of the fifth vo- lume of his works (ed. Neap. 1758), except a few pages, which are upon the Differentiae of Modes- tinus. The sixth volume of the same edition con- tains the Recitationes Solemnes of Cujacius (a. d. 1588) on the Responsa of Paulus. The first volume of Cujacius contains the Interpretationes in Julii Pauli Receptarum Setitentiarum Libros quin- que. The industry of Paulus must have been un- remitting, and the extent of his legal learning is proved by the variety of his labours. Perhaps no legal writer, ancient or modem, has handled so many subjects, if we except his great commentator. (Grotius, Vitae Jurisconsultorum ; Cujacius, Op. ed. Neapol. 1758 ; Zimmern, Geschichte des Romis- clien Privatrechts, 367, &c.; Paulus, Receptae Sen- ientiae cum Interpretatione Visigoithorum, ed. L. Arndts, Bonn, 1833.) [G. L.] PAULUS, PASSIE'NUS, a contemporary and friend of the younger Pliny, was a distinguished Roman eques, and was celebrated for his elegiac and lyric poems. He belonged to the same municipium (Mevauia in Umbria) as Propertius, whom he numbered among his ancestors. Pliny bestows the most unbounded praises upon the character, life, and poems of Passienus. An anecdote which Pliny relates respecting the jurist Javolenus Priscus and Passienus Paulus has given rise to much dis- cussion, of which some account will be found under Javolenus. {Flin. Ep. vi. 15, vii. 6, ix. 22.) PAULUS, SE'RGIUS. 1. Sergius Paulus, proconsul (dudiiiraros) of Cyprus, whom the Apostle Paul converted to Christianity (Acts, xiii. 7). He is not mentioned by anj'^ other writer ; but he may have been the father of the Sergius next mentioned. 2. L. Sergius Paulus, one of the consuls suffecti in A, d. 94 (Fasti). 3. L. Sergius Paulus, consul a. d. 168 with L. Venuleius Apronianus, in the reign of M. Au- relius (Fasti). PAULUS, L. VE'TTIUS, consul suffectus a. D. 81 with T. Junius Montanus (Fasti). PAVOR, that is, Fear or Terror, was, together with Pallor or Paleness, a companion of Mars among the Romans. Their worship was believed to have been instituted by Tullus Hostilius durmg a plague, or at a critical moment in a battle. Their worship was attended to by Salii, called Pallorii and Pavorii. (Liv. i. 27 ; Aug. De Civ. Dei, iv. L5, 23 ; Stat. Tlieb. iii. 425 ; Val. Flacc. iii. 89 ; Claudian. in Rufin. i. 344.) [L. S.] PAUSA'NIAS, historical. I. A Spartan of the Agid branch of the royal family, the son of Cleombrotus and nephew of Leonidas (Thuc. i. 94 ; Herod, ix. 10). His mother's name was Alcathea or Alcithea (Schol. ad Thuc. i. 134 ; Schol. ad Aristoph. Equit. 1. 84 ; Suidas calls her ^Aryx'^Qea ; Polyaen. viii. 51, Theano). Several writers (Arist. PolU. V. 1. § 5, vii. 13. § 13 ; Pint. Consol. ad JpoUon. p. 182 ; Dem. in Neaer. § 97, p. 1378, ed. Reiske ; Suidas, s.v. nawar/as, &c,) incor- rectly call him king (Pans. iii. 4, § 9) ; he only succeeded his father Cleombrotus in the guardian- PAUSANL^S. 157 ship of his cousin Pleistarchus, the son of Leonidas, for whom he exercised the functions of royalty from B. c. 479 to the period of his death (Thuc. i. 94, 132 ; Herod, ix. 10). In b.c. 479, when the Athenians called upon the Lacedaemonians for aid against the Persians, the Spartans, after some delay (on the motives for which Bishop Thirlwall, Hist, of Greece., vol. ii. p. 327, &c., has thrown consi- derable light), sent a body of five thousand Spar- tans, each attended by seven Helots, under the command of Pausanias. From Herodotus (ix. 53) it appears that Euryanax, the son of Dorieus, was associated with him as commander. At the Isth- mus Pausanias Avas joined by the other Pelopon- nesian allies, and at Eleusis by the Athenians, and forthwith took the command of the combined forces (Thuc. i. 130 ; Herod, viii. 3 ; Pans. iii. 14. § 1 ; the words rty^fxavia and riy^laQai imply this), the other Greek generals forming a sort of council of war (Herod, ix. 50). The allied forces then crossed Cithaeron, and at Erythrae Pausanias halted and formed his line on the skirts of the mountain, his forces amounting to nearly 110,000 men. Here they were assailed by the Persian cavalry under Masistius, who were repulsed after the Athenians had reinforced the Megareans, who were being hard pressed [Olympiodorus], and Masistius had fallen. For the purpose of being better supplied with water, Pausanias now descended into the territory of Plataeae, and posted his army on the banks of a small stream, which Herodotus calls the Asopus, and which was probably one of its tributaries. Mardonius drew up his forces on the opposite bank of the stream. After a delaj"- of ten days, during which the armies were kept inactive by the unfavourable reports of the soothsayers, Mardonius resolved to attack the Greeks. Information of his intention was con- veyed by night to the Greeks by Alexander of Macedon. Accordingly, the next day the Persian cavalry made a vigorous attack upon the Greeks, and gained possession of the Gargaphian spring, on which the Greeks depended for their supply of water ; and as there seemed no likelihood of a general engagement that day, Pausanias, with the concurrence of the allied generals, resolved to re- move nearer to Plataeae. This was done in the course of the ensuing night. On the following day the great battle of Plataeae took place. The Persian forces were speedily routed and their camp stormed, where a terrible carnage ensued. The Spartans were judged to have fought most bravely in the battle, and among them, according to Diodorus (xi. 33), Pausanias was selected as having acquitted himself most valiantly. But He- rodotus makes no mention of his name in this con- nection. An Aeginetan urged Pausanias to revenge the mutilation of Leonidas, by impaling the corpse of Mardonius ; an advice which Pausanias rejected with abhorrence. Pausanias gave directions that all the spoil should be left to be collected by the Helots. Ten samples of all that was most valuable in this booty were presented to Pausanias. Hero- dotus has preserved a story, that, to exhibit the contrast between their modes of living, Pausanias ordered the Persian slaves to prepare a banquet similar to what they commonly prepared for Mar- donius, and then directed his Helots to place by the side of it a Laconian dinner ; and, laughing, bade the Greek generals observe the folly of the leader of the Medes, who, while able to live in such