Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 3.djvu/160

Rh 148 PAULUS. he and some other expelled prelates should be re- stored to their respective sees, and bitterly accusing those who had deposed him. Paul regained posses- sion of the church of Constantinople, but the Eastern bishops, in a council at Antioch, a. d. 343, returned a spirited answer to the arrogant pretensions of Julius ; and the emperor, who was also at Antioch, wrote to Philippus, praefectus praetorio, to expel Paul again. Philippus, to avoid a commotion, sent the prelate away privately ; but when he attempted to establish Macedonius in possession of the church, a riot occurred, in which above three thousand lives were lost. Paul was banished, according to Socrates, to Thessalonica, of which place Paul was a native, and then into the Western Empire, being forbidden to return into the East. But the account of Socrates is disputed, and Tillemont's opinion is pro- bably correct, that it was at this time that Paul was loaded with chains and exiled to Singara in Meso- potamia, and afterward to Emesa in Syria, as men- tioned by Athanasius {l. c). If Tillemont is correct, the banishment into the Western Empire may pro- bably be referred to the former expulsion of Paul, when he appealed to Pope Julius I., or possibly Paul may have been released from banishment and allowed to retire to Rome, which, according to Photius, he did three several times. The cause of Paul and of Athanasius, who was also in banish- ment, was still supported by the Western church, and was taken up by the Western emperor Constans, brother of Constantius, and the Council of Sardica (a. d. 347) decreed their restoration. Constantius, however, refused to restore them until compelled by the threats of his brother ; upon whose death, shortly after, Paul was again expelled by Con- stantius, and exiled to Cucusus, in Cappadocia, amid the defiles of the Taurus, where it is said he was privately strangled by his keepers, a. d. 351, and buried at Ancyra. It was reported that his keepers, before strangling him, attempted to starve him to death. Great obscurity hangs over his death, and it is not clear whether he died by violence or by disease. But he was regarded by his party as a martyr, and when orthodoxy triumphed under the emperor Theodosius the Great, that prince brought his remains in great state to Constantinople, and deposited them in a church which was subsequently called by his name. ( Athanas. I. c ; Socrat. H. E. ii. 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 22, 23, 26, v. 9 ; Sozomen, H. E. iii. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, iv. 2 ; Theodoret, H. E. i. 19, ii. 5, 6 ; Photius, Bibl. Cod. 257 ; Theophanes, Chronog. pp. 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 59, ed. Paris, pp. 5Q, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67, 109, ed.Bonn; Tillemont, MeffioiVes, vol. vii, p. 251,&c.) 6. Of Constantinople (2). When, on the accession of Constans II. as sole emperor, and the banishment of his colleague Heracleonas [Constans II.; Heracleonas], the patriarch Pyrrhus was deposed, Paulusor Paul II. succeeded to the patri- archate of Constantinople, of the church of which he had previously been a presbyter, and also oeconomus. He was consecrated patriarch in October, 642. He is charged with being a monothelite ; and with hav- ing induced the emperor (a. d. 648) to issue an edict prohibiting all discussion of the question whether there were in Christ one will or operation, or two. On account of his heretical opinions he was declared by the pope Theodore I., in a council held at Rome (a. d. 648), to be deposed ; but as the pope had no power to enforce the sentence, though confirmed by the Lateran Council (a.d. 649), held under the PAULUS. papacy of Martin I., successor of Theodore, Paulus retained his patriarchate till his own death, a. d. 652. He even retaliated the attempts of the popes by urging the emperor to depose Martin, and exile him to Chersonae, where he died. Paul died not long after the banishment of Martin, and is said to have repented of the evil which he had brought upon his antagonist There are extant of the writings of Paul: — 1. 'ETrto-roXr? ©eoSw'py, Epis- tola 'JTieodoro, i. e. Pope Theodore, the predecessor of Martin. 2. Part of an 'ETriorToA?), ©eoSoJpfjj, Epistola ad Tlieodorum^ i. e. Theodore of Pharan, and 3. Part of an 'Ettjo-toAi) irpos ^IolkuSov, Epis- tola ad Jacohum ; all printed in the Concilia ( Con- di. Lateran. secret, iv., Condi. Constantin. III. act. X. vol. vi. ed. Labbe, col. 221, 837, 839, and vol. iii. ed. Hardouin, col. 815, 1246, 1247 ; Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Collectanea {Commemoratio eorum qtiae acta sunt in Martinum Papam^ 4"cO' ^pud Galland. Biblioth. Patintm, vol. xiii. p. 47 ; idem, De Vitis Roman. Pontif. (Theodori et Martini), apud Muratori, Rerum Italic. Scriptores, vol. iii.; Baronius, Annales, ad ann. 642, i. 648. i. &c. ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 642, vol. i. p. 585 ; Le Quien, Oriens Christiams, vol. i. col. 229). There were two other Pauli, patriarchs of Con- stantinople, viz. Paulus III., A. D. 686 — 692 ; and Paulus IV. A. D. 780—784. 7. Cyrus Florus. [No. 18.] 8. Of Emesa. Among the prelates who, at the General Council of Ephesus, a. d. 431, united with Joannes or John, patriarch of Antioch, in sup- porting the cause of Nestorius, was Paulus or Paul, bishop of Emesa. When negotiations were in progress for a reconciliation between John and the Oriental bishops [Joannes, No. 9] with Cyril of Alexandria [Cyrillus, St. of Alexandria], Paulus was sent by John to Cyril, but the latter would by no means comply with the solicitations of John, until his messenger Paul had delivered some homilies before him and presented to him a confession of faith, in which the term ^coroKos was applied to the Virgin Mary, and had joined in anathematizing Nestorius. Having satisfied Cyril in these points, Paul concluded the negotiations successfully. The few facts known of the life of Paulus are given by Tillemont (Memoires, vol. xiv.), and by Christianus Lupus, in his Scholia et Notae ad varior. PP. Epistolas, forming the second volume of the work cited below. Paulus wrote : — 1. Ai§€os eiridoOfh (s. AiSeWoi iirt5o6eUTes)T^ dpxi^TrKTKona. KvpiWcp irapdTlavAov iTTiaKoirov *Efx4ar)s tov atroffraheuTOS irapd 'Iwdvvov 'AvT lox^ias kniffKoirov, Libellus qiiem (s. Libelli q/ios) Paulus Episcopus Emesenus Cyrillo Archiepiscopo Alexandriae obtulit, a Joanne Antioeheno Episcopo missus. 2. 'OfxiXia TLavKov liriaKonov 'Efilarjs . . . ds rijv yivurfo-iv rod Kvpiov Koi ^wTTJpos TJfxwy 'iTjaoO Xpi(TTOu, Koi oTi deoroKOi t} dyla trapBeuos Map'ia, Kal on oi5 Svo vlovs Ki-yofiev oAA' eVa vlov Kal Kvpiov roi/ Xpiarov, k. t. A., Homilia Pauli Episcopi Emiseni de Nativitate Domini et Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, et quod beata Virgo Maria sit Dei Genitrix, et quod non duos, sed unum Fi/ium et Dominum Christum dicamus, etc. 3. Tov avTov ofxiXla. . . . ety ttjv iirapQpccTrrtaiv rov Kvpiov Kol ^wTrjpos ■nfxwv, K. T. A., Ejusdem Pauli Homilia ....in Christi Domini et Salvatoris nostri Natimtatem. These pieces are given in the Concilia, vol. iii. col. 1090, 1095, 1098, ed. Labbe. 4. Epistola Pauli Emeseni Episcopi ad AnathoHum Magistrtim Mi-