Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 2.djvu/664

Rh eno JULIAN us. the Letter to the Senate and the People of Athens, ill A. E. 360 ; the Letter to Themistius, and the Oration on Helius, in 361 ; the Kaiaapes, in the ■winter of 361 — 362. or perhaps in the following year ; most of his extant Letters during the same period ; one of his Orations on false Cynicism, and that on the Mother of Gods, as well as a Letter on the restoration of ancient Hellenism, of which a frag- ment is extant, in 362 ; the Misopogon in the be- ginning of 363 ; and the Kard Xpio-Tiai/wc, finislied during his expedition against the Persians, in the summer of 363. (The works of Julian ; Amm. Marc. v. 8 — xxv. 5 ; most of the Orations and Epistles of Libanius, especially, Oratio Farentalis ; Ad AntiocJmnos de Imperatoris Ira. ; Da Nece Juliani ulciscenda ; Socrates, //. E. lib. iii. ; Zonar. lib. xiii. ; Zo- sim. lib. iii. ; Eutrop. x. 14, &c. ; Themist. Orat. iv. ; Gregor. Nazianz. Orat. iii. iv. x. xxi. ; So- zomen. lib. v. vi. ; Mamertinus in Panegyric. Vet. (Mamertinus was Conies Largitionum to Julian, whom he accompanied in Gaul, and on his me- morable expedition down the Danube) ; Aurel. Vict. Constantius in fin. ; Moses Chorenensis, lib. iii. ; Theophanes, pp. 29 — 44, ed. Paris ; Fabric. Bibl. Graeea, vol. vi. p. 719, «&:c. For other sources, especially ecclesiastical writers, and with regard to Julian's apostacy, we refer the reader to Fabricius, the notes to the splendid life of Julian by Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall, and the Abb6 de la Bleterie's Vie de Julien, of which there is an English translation ; Neander, Ucfter den Kaiser Julian., Leipz. 1812 ; Wiggers, Dissert. de Juliano Apostala., Rostock, 1810, of which there is a new edition in German in lUgen's Zdtschrifi fur Hist. Tlieol. 1837, vol. vii. ; Schulze, De Ju- liani PhilosopUa et iMoribus, 1839 ; Teuffel, De Juliano religionis Christiani contemptore, Tiibingen. 1844.) [W.P.J COIN OF FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS. JULIA'NUS, the Graeco-Roman Jurist. A Latin Epitome of the Novells of Justinian is extant under this name. In one MS. the work is attributed to Joannes, a citizen of Constantinople ; in some, no author is named ; but in several the translation and abridgment are ascribed to Julianus, a professor (antecessor) at Constantinople. It is remarkable that no jurist of the name is recorded among the compilers employed by Justinian, and no professor of the name occurs in the inscription of the Const, Omnem addressed by Justinian in A. D. 533 to the professors of law at Constantinople and Berytus. Among the extracts from contemporaries of Jus- tinian, which w^ere originally appended to the text of the Basilica, there is not one that bears the name of Julianus. In Basil. 16. tit. 1, s. 6. § 2"(vol. ii. p. 180, ed. Heimbach), a Julianus is named as putting a question to Stephanus, one of the eminent jurists of Justinian's time, and hence it has been supposed that the author of the Epitome of the Novells was a disciple of Stephanus. That a Ju- lianus, however, attained such legal celebrity in the reign of Justinian as to be complimented with the JULIANUS. phrase " The luminary of the law," may be inferred from the epigram* of his contemporary Theaetetus Scholasticus preserved in the Anthologia Graeca (vol. iii. p. 216, ed. Jacobs), among other epigrams addressed to the statues of eminent men : — TovTov ^lovXiauSv., vofxiKov (paos, (lirov idovcrai 'Pwfxr] Kal BepoTj, " Udvra (pvais Suvarai." Hunc videntes Julianum, splendidum juris decus, Roma Berytusque, Nil non, inquiunt, natura quit. To this same Julianus is attributed the authorship of three epigrams in the same collection (vol. iii. p. 230) headed 'lovAiavov 'AvriKT]vaopos. Alciatus [Farerg. ii. 46) calls Julianus patricius and ex- consul, but without sufficient authority ; and Hu- ber Goltzius, in his preface to the edition of the Epitome of the Novells, which was published at Bruges in 1565, thinks it likely that the author of the Epitome was identical with the consul Julia- nus, to whom Priscian dedicates his grammar. That the author of the Epitome was a professor is shown by various forms of expression occurring in that work which are known to have been usual among the professors of the Lower Empire ; as, for example, the word didicimus, at the beginning of the 67th constitution of the Epitome. It is also clear, from internal evidence, that the author was a resident in Constantinople, which in c. 216 and 358 he calls haec civitas, although in neither case does the Novell of Justinian which he is abstract- ing contain a parallel expression. The collection of Novells translated and abridged by Julianus is referred by Freherus, in his Chrono- logia prefixed to the Jus Graeco-Rotnanum^ to the year A. D. 570, and this date has been followed by the majority of legal historians ; but there is every reason to believe that the Epitome was completed during the life of Justinian, in A. d." 556. In it Justinian is uniformly called noster imperator, while preceding emperors, as Leo and Justinus, are called Divus Leo and Divus Justinus. In the abstracts of Novells 117 and 134 there is no allusion to the subsequent legislation of Justinian, which again permitted divortium bona gratia. In the original col- lection, also, no Novell of later date than the year A. D. 556 is abstracted. The original collection consists of 124, or at most 125, constitutions. These again are divided into chapters, which, in the editions subsequent to A. D 1561, are doubly numbered, one numbering running through the work from the commencement, and another beginning anew with each constitution. The 125 constitutions make 564 chapters. This will explain the diflferent modes of citation. Thus const. 1 consists of four chapters, and const. 2 of five chapters. The fourth chapter of const. 2 might be cited as c. 9, or as const. 2, c. 4. Again, the 8th constitution, the whole of which makes one chapter (the 48th), may be cited as const. 8, or as c. 44. All that follows the 125th constitution in understand Constantinople, which was New Rome. Perhaps 'lovXiavov is to be pronounced as a tri- syllable, Youlyunon. In the epigram prefixed to the Di'-est in the Florentine manuscript, we find the name TpiSuviavos admitted into an hexamete* line : — Bi'gAoi' ^ov(TTiviav6% ai>a^ TCXvi^craTO TTjfSe
 * In this epigram, by 'Pcourj we are probably to
 * Hj' ^o TpiSuuiavds fieydKcp Koifxe na/xSaaiATJi.