Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 2.djvu/663

Rh JULIAN us. ism to Christianity, as well as his enthusiastic love of the new Platonic philosophy. 3. 'Evae§ias TTJs fiaaiiSos 'EyKd/miou, an encomium on the em- press Eusebia, the patroness of Julian : ed. Peta- vius, Paris, 1614, 8vo. 4. Els tqv fiaaiia"HXioy, an oration on the worship of the sun, addressed to Sallustius, his old military councillor and friend, first in Gaul and afterwards in Germany : ed. by Theodoras Marcilius, Paris, 1583. 8vo. ; by Vin- centius JNIarinerius, Madrid, 16"25, 8vo. 5. Els TTju fj.7)r€pa Tcov ©ecoi', an oration on the mother of gods (Cybele) : Julian visited the temple of Cybele at Pessinus, and restored her worsliip. 6. Els Toiis diraidevTovs Kvuas ; and 7. Upos 'Bpd- K€iov KwiKOf^ Trepl rov thus Kvviarcov, Kal et vpeirei r(f< KvvX fxidovs TrpaTreiu, two orations on true and false Cynicism, the latter addressed to the Cynic Heracleius. 8. 'Eirl rf/ e^oSqu tov dyadw- rdrov 'Xa.WovaTiov Trapajj.vQ-qriKos^ a letter to the aforesaid Sallustius, in which he consoles himself and his friends on the recal of Sallustius, by the emperor Constantius, from Gaul to the East. 9. A letter, or more correctly dissertation, addressed to his former tutor, the pliilosopher Themistius, on the difficulty the author thinks he would experience in showing himself so perfect an emperor as Themis- tius expected. III. Otlier Worlis. 1. Kaiaap^s ^ 'Zv^iroaiov^ the " Caesars or the Banquet," a satirical com- position, which Gibbon justly calls one of the most agreeable and instructive productions of ancient wit. Julian describes the Roman emperors ap- proaching one after the other to take their seat round a table placed in the heavens ; and as they come up, their faults, vices, and crimes, are cen- sured with a sort of bitter mirth by old Silenus, whereupon each Caesar defends himself as well as he can, that is, as well as Julian allows him to do; but in this Julian shows much partiality, especially towards Constantine the Great and other members of the imperial family. Alexander the Great also appears. He and other great heroes at last ac- knowledge that a royal philosopher is greater than a royal hero, and the piece finishes with a great deal of praise bestowed upon Julian by himself. There are many editions and translations ot this remarkable production. Of these, the most im- portant are the text with a Latin translation by C. Cantoclanis, Paris, 1577, 8vo., the Editio Piiii- ceps; the aaue,Ibid. 1583, 8 vo.; the same, corrected by Frederic Sylburg, in the third volume of his Romanae Historiae Scriptores Minores, and sepa- rately, Frankfort, 1 590, fol. ; by Petrus Cunaeas, with an elegant Latin translation, Leyden, 1612, 12mo., 1632, 12mo. ; the same with the notes of Cellarius, Leipzig, 1693, 8vo., 1735, 8vo. The best editions are by J. M. Heusinger, Gotha, 1736, 8vo., 1741, 8vo., and by Harless, the editor of Fabricius, Bibl. Graeca, Erlangen, 1785, 8vo. An English translation of the Caesares, the Misopogon, and several other productions of Julian, is contained in " Select Works of the Emperor Julian, and some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius, &c., with Notes from Petav, La Bleterie, Gibbon, &c., and a translation of La Bleterie 's ViedeJovien, by John Duncombe," London, 1784, 8vo. Several French, German, Italian, and Dutch translations are mentioned by Fabricius. 2. 'AvTioxiKos ri Miffoiruiyaiv^ "the Antiochian, or the Enemy of the Beard,"a severe satire on the licen- tious and eifeminate manners of the inhabitants of JULIANUS. Gi9 Antioch, with occasional ironical confessions of the author's own faults, who was induced to write this amusing piece during his stay at Antioch, as men- tioned above. Julian chose the title Miaonwywv because the inhabitants of Antioch, being accus- tomed to shave themselves, ridiculed Julian, who allowed his beard to grow, in the ancient fashion. Editions : by Petrus Martinius, Paris, 1567, 8vo., 1583, 8vo. ; by H. I. Lasius, together with the Caesares, and a German translation of both, Greifs- wald, 1770, 8vo. ; there are also English, French, and German translations of the Misopogon. The following English translations of some of the minor productions of Julian are worthy of mention: " Julian's Letter to the Bostrens," translated by the Earl of Shaftesbury, in his " Characteristics," London, 1733, 12mo. ; two Orations of the Em- peror Julian, viz. to the Sun, and to the Mother of the Gods, with notes, &c.. London, 1793, 8vo. The English literature is rich in works on Julian. IV. Poems. Three epigrams of little import- ance, in the " Anthologia Graeca," and a fourth, discovered by Boissonade, in the " Analecta,'' and in Heyler's edition of Julian's Letters. V. Lost Works. The most important is, Kard. XpiarTiaucov, a refutation of the Christian religion, in seven books, according to Hieronymus, al- though Cyrill only speaks of three. These three books were directed against the dogmatical part of the Christian religion, as contained in the Gospels ; and it is against this part of the work that Cyrill wrote his famous work 'TTrep TTjy rwv Xpicrria- vwv ivayovs Bp7]aKelas, irpos rd rou Iv dOeoLS ^lovXiavov, which is separately printed in Spanheim's edition of the works of Julian. All the copies of Julian's work which could be found were de- stroyed by order of the emperor Theodosius II., and the whole would have been lost for ever but for Cyrill, who gives extracts from the three first books in his refutation of Julian. But these extracts are far from giving an adequate idea of the work. Cyrill confesses that he had not ventured to copy several of the weightiest arguments of the author. The Kard Xpiariafwv was likewise refuted by Apollinaris, whose Aoyos inrep d]deias KaTd 'lovAcavov, however, is lost, as are the refutations of Photius and Philippus of Sida. The marquis d'Argens, a chamberlain to Frederic the Great, king of Prussia, translated the extracts made by Cyrill, and tried to complete them, according to^ some, at the suggestion of his master. The title of the translation is, " Defense du Paganisme par PEmpereur Julien, en Grec et en Fran9ais," &c. &c., Berlin, 1764, 8vo. ; lb.' (Geneva), 1768, 8vo.; lb. 1769, 2 vols. 8vo. The marquis was any thing but a Christian, and his opinions on Julian and Paganism were attacked by G. F. Meier in his " Beurtheilung der Betnachtungen des Marquia d'Argens liber Julian," Halle, 1764, 8vo. ; by W. Crichton,"Betrachtungen ii her den Abfall Julian's;" and by others. Other lost works of Julian are : Uepl rwp Tpmu (rxV/J-druv ; Ilepi tov irodep rd KttKa Kard roiJs d-rraiSevTovs ; Td /coAou/Lteva Kp6via ; Memoirs on his Campaigns in Gennany ; his Journal, in which he used to write down the events of every day ; and others, especially many letters. Julian composed his works in the following chronological order: — The Encomia on Constantius; the Encomium on the Empress Eusebia, not before A. D. 356 ; the Letter to Sallustius, in a. d. 360 j