Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 2.djvu/658

Rh 644 JULIANUS. warded by 2Josimus in 4 1 8 to the authorities of the Christian church throughout the world. This act of contumacy, in which he was supported by many prelates of Southern Italy and Sicily, was soon followed by the banishment of himself and his ad- herents in terms of the imperial edict. Quitting his native country, he repaired to Constantinople, but being driven from thence, took refuge in Cilicia with Theodoras of Mopsuestia, with whom he re- mained for several years. In 428 we find him again at Constantinople, patronised by Nestorius, who addressed two letters to pope Coelestinus on behalf of the exile. But in 429 Marius Mercator arrived, and by the charges contained in the Com- monitorium [Marius Mercator], presented to Theodosius, procured the expulsion of the heretics from the capital of the East. Having been formally condemned by the great council of Ephesus, in 431, Julianus appears to have lived in obscurity until 439, when he made a last desperate effort to recover his station and privileges ; but the attempt having been frustrated by the firmness of Sixtus III., his name from this time forward disappears entirely from history, if we except the statement of Gennadius, who records that he died under Valen- tinian, and therefore not later than A. D. 455, having previously swelled the number of his fol- lowers by distributing his whole fortune among the poor, to alleviate their sufferings during a famine. No work of Julianus undoubtedly genuine has been transmitted to us entire, and his merits as an author are known only from mutilated fragments contained in the writings of his theological oppo- nents. We find traces of the following : — ] Epistola ad Zosimum., composed probably in 418, quoted by Marius Mercator in the sixth and ninth chapters of his Subnotationes [Marius Mer- cator]. The different passages are collected and arranged by Gamier {Diss. V. ad Mar. Mercai. vol. i. p. 333). 2. Epistola communis ei cum plu- rimis Felagianis episcopis quam Thessalonicam mi- serunt. Such is the title given by St. Augustine to the epistle which he undertook to refute, in four books, addressed to pope Bonifacius. The frag- ments will be found placed in order in Garnier's edition of Mercator. See above. 3. Lihri IV., ad Turba?itium episcopum., adversus lihrumprimum Au- gustini de Concupiscentia, written about 419. Con- siderable fragments, of the first book especially, are included in the second book of Augustine, De Nuptiis, in his Libri VI. contra Julianum, and in liis Opus Imperfectum. (Gamier, App. ad Diss. VI. de Scriptis pro Haeresi Pelagiana, p. 388, and Diss. VI, p. 349.) 4. Liber de Constantiae Bono contra Perfidiam Manichaei^ written, according to Gamier, after the expulsion of Julianus from his bishopric. A few fragments have been preserved by Beda. (See Gamier, as above.) 5. Lihri VIII. ad Florum Episcopum adversus secundum librum Augustini de Nuptiis et Concupiscentia, written, ac- cording to Gamier, in Cilicia, and published about 426, The first five books, or perhaps six, are given entire in the Opus imperfectum of Augustine. ■(Gamier, Mercaioris Op. vol. i. p. 34.) 6. Liber de Amore,sive Comvnentarius in Cantica Canticorum,, mentioned by Beda alone, who remarks that it was divided into two books, the ficst being devoted to a dissertation on Love, the second embracing the commentary. For the fragments and various spe- culations conceming the history of this piece, see Gamier, Append, ad Diss. VI. vol. i. p. 388. JULIANUS. The Epistola ad Demetriadem, which really be- longs to Pelagius [PelagiusI, and the Libcllus Fidei, published from a Verona MS. by Gamier, 8vo. Par. 1668, have been erroneously ascribed to Julianus. (Gennad. de Vir. Illust. 45. Every thing that can be ascertained with regard to Julianus or his productions will be found in the di-ssertations at- tached to Garnier's edition of Marius Mercator, and in the annotations upon those works of St. Augustine directed specially against this heretic. See also Voss. Hidor. Pelag. i. 6 ; Schonemann, Bihl. Pair. Lat. vol. ii. § 18, where much inform- ation is exhibited in a condensed form.) [W. R.] JULIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS CLAU'DIUS, sur- named Apostata, " the Apostate," Roman em- peror, A.D. 361 — 363, was born at Constantinople on the 17th of November, a. n. 331 (332?). He was the son of Julius Constantius by his second wife, Basilina, the grandson of Constantius Clilorus by his second wife, Theodora, and the nephew of Con- stantino the Great. [See the Genealogical Table, Vol. L pp.831, 832.] Julian and his elder brother, Flavius Julius Gallus, who was the son of Julius Constantius by his first wife, Galla, were the only members of the imperial family whose lives were spared by Con- stantius II., the son of Constantine the Great, when, upon his accession, he ordered the massacre of all the male descendants of Constantine Chlorus and his second wife, Theodora. Both Gallus and Julian were of too tender an age to be dangerous to Constantius, who accordingly spared their lives, but had them educated in strict confinement at dif- ferent places in Ionia and Bithynia, and after- wards in the castle of Macellum near Caesareia ; and we know from Julian's own statement in his epistle to the senate and people of Athens, that, although they were treated with all the honours due to their birth, they felt most unhappy in their royal prison, being surrounded by spies who were to report the least of their words and actions to a jealous and bloodtliirsty tyrant. However, they received a careful and learned education, and were brought up in the principles of the Christian reli- gion : their teachers were Nicocles Luco, a gram- marian, and Ecebolus. a rhetorician, Avho acted under the superintendence of the eunuch Mardo- nius, probably a pagan in secret, and of Eusebius, an Arian, afterwards bishop of Nicomedeia. Gallus was the first who was released from his slavery by being appointed Caesar in a. d. 351, and govemor of the East, and it was through his mediation that Julian obtained more libert3^ The conduct of Gal- lus in his government, and his execution by Con- stantius in A. D. 354, are detailed elsewhere. [Constantius II., p. 848.] Julian was now in great danger, and the emperor would probably have sacrificed him to his jealousy but for the circum- stance that he had no male issue himself, and that Julian was consequently the only other surviving male of the imperial family. Constantius was sa- tisfied with removing Julian from Asia to Italy, and kept him for some time in close confinement at Milan, where he lived surrounded by spies, and in constant fear of sharing the fate of his brother, f Owing to the mediation of the empress Eusebia, an excellent woman, who loved Julian with the tender- ness of a sister, the young prince obtained an inter- view with Constantius, and having succeeded in calming the emperor's suspicions, was allowed to t j i