Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 2.djvu/572

Rh 5.5n ICARIUS. guided by a dolphin (Apollo), came to Mount Par- nassus, and there gave Delphi and Crissa their names. (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 332.) [L. S.] ICA'RIUS ('I/capios), also called Icarus and Icarion. 1. An Athenian, who lived in the reign of Pandion, and hospitably received Dionysus on his arrival in Attica. The god showed him his gratitude by teaching him the cultivation of the vine, and giving him bags filled with wine. Icarius now rode about in a chariot, and distributed the precious gifts of the god ; but some shepherds whom their friends intoxicated with wine, and who thought that they were poisoned by Icarius, slew him, and threw his body into the well Anygrus, or buried it imder a tree. His daughter Erigone (for he was married to Phanothea, the inventor of the hexameter, Clem. Alex. Strom, i. p. 366), or as some call her Aletis, after a long search, found his grave, to which she was conducted by his faithful dog Maera. From grief she hung herself on the tree under which he was buried. Zeus or Dionysus placed her, together with Icarius and his cup, among the stars, making Erigone the Virgin, Icarius Bootes or Arcturus, and Maera the dog-star. The god then punished the ungrateful Athenians with a plague or a mania, in which all the Athenian maidens hung themselves as Erigone had done. (Comp.Gellius, xv. 10.) The oracle, when consulted, answered, that Athens should be delivered from the calamity as soon as Erigone should be propitiated, and her and her father's body should be found. The bodies were not discovered, but a festival called alwpa or dATjTiSes, was instituted in honour of Erigone, and fruits were offered up as a sacrifice to her and her father. The aaKoKiaafxos^ or dancing on a leather bag filled with air and smeared with oil, at the festivals of Dionysus, was likewise traced to Icarius, who was said to have killed a ram for having in- jured the vines, to have made a bag of his skin, and then perfoiraed a dance. (Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 4.) Another tradition states that the murderers of Icarius fled to the island of Cos, which was therefore visited by a drought, during which the fields were burned, and epidemics prevailed. Aris- taeus prayed to his father, Apollo, for help, and Apollo advised him to propitiate Icarius with many sacrifices, and to beg Zeus to send the winds called Etesiae, which Zeus, in consequence, made blow at the rising of the dog-star for forty days. One of the Attic demi derived its name from Icarius. (Apollod. iii. 14. §7; Pans. i. 2. §4; Hygin. F(d). 130, Poet. Astr. ii. 4, 25 ; Serv. tid Virg. Georg. i. 67, 218, ii. 389 ; Eustath. ad Horn. pp. 389, 1535 ; TibuU. iv. 1, 9 ; Propert. ii. 33, 29 ; Ov. Met. vi. 126, x. 451 ; Pollux, iy. 55; Steph. Byz. s.v. 'iKapia; Hesych. s. u. Alcipa, 'AXrJTis ; Welcker, Nachtrag z. Aescliyl. Tril. p. 222, «&:c.) 2. A Lacedaemonian, a son of Perieres and Gor- gophone, a grandson of Aeolus or Cynortas, and a brother of Aphareus, Leucippus, and Tyndareus. (Apollod. i. 9. § 5, iii. 10. § 3 ; Tzetz. ad Lijcopk. 511.) Others called him a grandson of Perieres, and a son of Oebalus by Bateia (Apollod, iii. 10. § 4 ; Eustath. ad Horn. p. 293), or a son of Oebalus and Gorgophone, and a grandson of Cynortas. (Paus. iii. 1. § 4.) Hippocoon, a natural son of Oebalus, expelled his two brothers, Tyndareus and Icarius, from Lacedaeraon: they fled to Thes- tius at Pleuron, and dwelt beyond the river Achelous. Subsequently, when Heracles had slain Hippocoon and his sons, Tyndareus returned to ICARIUS. Spart.!, wliile Icarius remained in Acarnania. Ac- cording to Apollodorus (iii. 10. § 5), however, Icarius also returned. Another tradition relates that Icarius, who sided with Hippocoon, assisted him in expelling Tyndareus from Sparta. (Paus. iii. 1. § 4 ; Eustath. /. c. ; Schol. ad Enrip. Orest. 447.) While in Acarnania, Icarius became the father of Penelope, Alyzeus, and Leucadius, by Poly- caste, the daughter of Lygaeus : according to others he was married to Dorodoche, or Asterodeia. (Strab.x. pp. 452, 461 ; Eustath. ad Horn. ^. 1417 ; Schol. ad Horn. Od. xv. 1 6.) Others again relate that by the Naiad Periboea he became the father of Thoas, Damasippus, Imeusirnus, Aletes (or Semus and Auletes), Perileus, and Penelope. (Apollod. iii. 10. § 6 ; Paus. viii. 31. § 2 ; Tzetz. ad Lvcoph. 511; Schol. ad. Horn. Od. xv. 16; Eustath. ad Horn. p. 1773.) In the Odyssey (iv. 797, i. 329) Iphthime also is mentioned as one of his daughters. When his daughter Penelope had grown up, he promised her hand to the victor in a foot-race, in which he desired the suitors to con- tend, and Odysseus won the prize (Paus. iii. 12. § 2) ; but according to others, Tyndareus sued for the hand of Penelope for Odysseus, from gratitude for a piece of advice which Odj'sseus had given him. (Apollod. iii. 10. § 9.) When Penelope was be- trothed to Odysseus, Icarius tried to persuade the latter to remain at Sparta, but Odysseus declined doing this, and departed with Penelope. Icarius followed his daughter, entreating her to remain ; and as Odysseus demanded of her to give a de- cided answer as to what she meant to do, she was silent, but at length she modestly covered her face, and declared that she would follow her husband. Icarius then desisted from further entreaties, and erected a statue of Modesty on the spot. (Paus. iii. 20. §10.) [L. S.] ICA'RIUS, a son of the notary Theodorus, who, with others, was put to death by the emperor Valens at Antioch A. D. 371, for seeking by ma- gical arts to ascertain who was to be the successor of that emperor. Icarius was distinguished by his literary attainments ; and Tillemont is disposed to identify him with the rhetorician mentioned by Augustin in his Coii/essiones, to whom Tillemont gives the name of Icarius ; but in the editions of Augustin which we have consulted the rhetorician is not called Icarius. Icarius wrote a poem in honour of the emperor Theodosius the Great ; and received from him, apparently in return for this compliment, the dignity of comes Orientis. He appears to have been a pagan ; a man of suspicious temper, and easily led by others into acts to which probably his own disposition would not have prompted him. When he entered upon his office, A. d. 384, An- tioch was suffering from a severe famine, and he made matters worse by threats against the bakers, in order to induce them to sell at a fixed price, an arbitrary proceeding which induced them to take to flight. The sophist Libanius, to whom Icarius had shown great respect as to a father, induced him to recal his threats ; but Icarius soon reverted to his arbitrary proceedings. Libanius addressed three Orations to Icarius, one hortatory, the others invectives. The second invective is not given in the edition of the works of Libanius by Morell (2 vols. fol. Paris, 1606 — 1 627), but was first published in the edition of Reiske, 4 vols. 8vo. Altenburg, 1791 — 97. From these Orations, and from the discourse of Libanius, Utp rij^ eavrov tvxV^, De