Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 2.djvu/378

Rh 364 HECATE. who is repeatedly mentioned among the historians of Alexander, of whom he must have had frequent occasions to speak in his history of Egypt. [L. S.] HECATAEUS, a statuary and silver-chaser of some note, who seems, from the way in which he is mentioned by Pliny, to have been a native of Mytilene, and to have lived not long before the time of Pompey the Great. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 12. s. 55 ; xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 25.) [P. S.] HE'CATE ('E/cttTTj), a mysterious divinity, who, according to the most common tradition, was a daughter of Persaeus or Perses and Asteria, whence she is called Perseis, ( ApoUod. i. 2. § 4 ; ApoUon. Rhod. iii. 478.) Others describe her as a daughter of Zeus and Demeter, and state that she was sent out by her father in search of Persephone (Schol. ad Tlieocrit. ii. 12) ; others again make her a daughter of Zeus either by Pheraea or by Hera (Tzetz. ad Lye. 1175 ; Schol. ad Theocrit ii. 36) ; and others, lastly, say that she was a daughter of Leto or Tartarus. (Procl. in Plat. Cratyl. p. 112 ; Orph. Argon. 975.) Homer does not mention her. According to the most genuine traditions, she ap- pears to have been an ancient Thracian divinity, and a Titan, who, from the time of the Titans, ruled in heaven, on the earth, and in the sea, who bestowed on mortals wealth, victory, wisdom, good luck to sailors and hunters, and prosperity to youth and to the flocks of cattle ; but all these blessings might at the same time be withheld by her, if mortals did not deserve them. She was the only one among the Titans who retained this power under the rule of Zeus, and she was honoured by all the immortal gods. She also assisted the gods in theii' war with the Gigantes, and slew Clvtius. (Hes. Theog. 411—452 ; ApoUod. i. 6. § 2.) "This extensive power possessed by Hecate was probably the reason that subsequently she was confounded and identified with several other divinities, and at lensrth became a mystic goddess, to whom mysteries were celebrated in Samothrace (Lycoph. 77 ; Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac. 277) and in Aegina. (Pans. ii. 30. § 2 ; comp. Plut. de Flum. 5.) For being as it were the queen of all nature, we find her identi- fied with Demeter, Rhea (Cybele or Brimo); being a huntress and the protector of youth, she is the same as Artemis (Curotrophos) ; and as a god- dess of the moon, she is regarded as the mystic Persephone. (Hom. Hymn, in Cer. 25, with the commentat. ; Paus. i. 43, § 1.) She was further connected with the worship of other mystic divini- ties, such as the Cabeiri and Curetes (Schol. ad Theocrit. ii. 12 ; Strab. x. p. 472), and also with Apollo and the Muses. (Athen. xiv. p. 645 ; Strab. X. p. 468.) The ground-work of the above-men- tioned confusions and identifications, especially with Demeter and Persephone, is contained in the Ho- meric hymn to Demeter; for, according to this hymn, she was, besides Helios, the only divinity who, from her cave, observed the abduction of Perse- phone. With a torch in her hand, she accompanied Demeter in the search after Persephone ; and when the latter was found, Hecate remained with her as her attendant and companion. She thus becomes a deity of the lower world ; but this notion does not occur till the time of the Greek tragedians, though it is generally current among the later writers. She is described in this capacity as a mighty and for- midable divinity, ruling over the souls of the de- parted ; she is the goddess of purifications and expiations, and is accompanied by Stygian dogs. HECATOMNUS. (Orph. TAth. 48 ; Schol. ad Tlieocr. L c. ; Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1211 ; Lycoph. 1175 ; Horat. Sat. i. 8. 35 ; Virg. Aen. vi. 257.) By Phorcos she became the mother of Scylla. (Apollon. Rhod. iv. 829 ; comp. Hom. Od. xii. 124.) There is another very important feature which arose out of the notion of her being an infernal divinity, namely, she was re- garded as a spectral being, who at night sent from the lower world all kinds of demons and terrible phantoms, who taught sorcery and witchcraft, who dwelt at places where two roads crossed each other, on tombs, and near the blood of murdered persons. She herself too wanders about with the souls of the dead, and her approach is announced by the whining and howling of dogs. ( Apollon. Rhod. iii- 529, 861, iv. 829; Theocrit. I. c.; Ov. Heroid.xn. 168, Met. xiv. 405 ; Stat. Theb. iv. 428 ; Virg. Aen. iv. 609 ; Orph. Lith. 45, 47 ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1197, 1887 ; Diod.iv. 45.) A number of epithets given her by the poets contain allusions to these features of the popular belief, or to her form. She is described as of terrible appearance, either with three bodies or three heads, the one of a horse, the second of a dog, and the third of a lion. (Orph. Argon. 975, &c, ; Eustath. ac/ Hom. pp. 1467, 1714.) In works of art she was some- times represented as a single being, but sometimes also as a three-headed monster. (Pans. ii. 28. § 8. 30. § 2.) Besides Samothrace and Aegina, we find express mention of her worship at Argos (Paus. ii. 30. § 2.) and at Athens, where she had a sanctuary under the name of 'ETrnrvpyiSia^ on the acropolis, not far from the temple of Nice. (Paus. ii. 30. § 2.) Small statues or symbolical representa- tions of Hecate (^iKaTaia) were very numerous, especially at Athens, where they stood before or in houses, and on spots where two roads crossed each other; and it would seem that people consulted such Hecataea as oracles. (Aristoph. Vesp. 816, Lysistr. 64 ; Eurip. Med. 396 ; Porphyr. de Ab- stin. ii. 16 ; Hesych. s. v. 'E/corata.) At the close of every month dishes with food were set out for her and other averters of evil at the points where two roads crossed each other ; and this food was consumed by poor people. (Aristoph. Plut. 596 ; Plut. Sympos. vii. 6.) The sacrifices offered to her consisted of dogs, honey, and black female lambs. (Plut Quuest. Rom. 49 ; Schol. ad Tlieocrit ii. 12 ; Apollon. Rhod. iii. 1032.) [L. S.] HECATODO'RUS. [Hypatodorus.] HECATOMNUS ('E/caroVj/ws), king or dynast of Caria, in the reign of Artaxerxes III. He was appointed by the Persian king to command the naval forces destined to take part in the w.ar against Evagoras of Cyprus (Theopomp. up. Phot. p. 120 a; Diod. xiv. 98); but the operations of the war were at that time allowed to linger ; and it appears that Ilecatomnus himself shared in the spirit of disaffection towards Persia at that time so general ; as when hostilities were at length re- sumed in earnest against Evagoras, he not only took no part in support of the. Persian monarchy, but secretly supplied Evagoras with sums of money to raise mercenary troops. ( Diod. xv. 2.) No notice, however, seems to have been taken of this act of treachery, a circumstance for which the dis- organised state of the Persian monarchy will fully account : and Hecatomnus continued to hold pos- session of Caria in a state of virtual independence until his death. The date of this cannot be ascer- tained with certainty^ but we learu from Isocrates