Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 1.djvu/802

Rh 7R4 CLEITARCHUS. lash of Aristophanes. Thus the Clouds are said to take the foriu of women when they see him {NvL. 354); and in the Thesmaphoriazusae (574, &c.) he brings infonnation to the women, as being a particular friend of theirs, that Euripides has smuggled in Mnesilochus among them as a spy. In spite of his character he appears to have been appointed on one occasion to the sacred office of ^iwpos. (Vesp. 1187.) The Scholiast on Ach. 118 and Efj. 1371 says, that, in order to preserve the appearance of youth, he wore no beard, re- moving the hair by an application of pitch. (Comp. Elmsl ad Ach. U8.) [E. E.] CLEITA'GORA (KXeiTayopa), a Ij'ric poetess, mentioned by Aristophanes in his Wasps (v. 1245), and in his lost play, the Danaiils. She is vari- ously represented as a Lacedaemonian, a Thessalian, and a Lesbian. (Schol. in Ai-istoph. Vesp. 1239, 1245, Lysistr. 1237 ; Suid. Hesych. s. v.) [P. S.] CLEITARCHUS (KAeiVopxos), tyrant of Ere- tria in Euboea. After Plutarchus had been ex- pelled from the tjTanny of Eretria by Phocion, B. c. 350, popular government was at first esta- blished ; but strong party struggles ensued, in which the adherents of Athens were at length overpowered by those of Macedonia, and Philip then sent Hipponicus, one of his generals, to des- troy the walls of Porthmus, the harbour of Eretria, and to set up Hipparchus, Automedon, and Clei- tarchus as tyrants. ( Plut. PAoc. 13; Dem. c/eCor. § 86, PhUiiip. iii. §§ 68, 69.) This was subse- quent to the peace between Athens and Philip in B. c. 346, since Demosthenes adduces it as one of the proofs of a breach of the pe.ice on the part of Macedon. {Philipp. iii. § 23.) The tyrants, how- ever, were not suffered to retain their power quietly, for Demosthenes {Philip, iii. § 69) men- tions two armaments sent by Philip for their sup- port, at different times, under Eurylochus and Pannenion respectively. Soon after, we find Cleitarchus in sole possession of the government; but he does not seem to have been at open hosti- lity with Athens, though he held Eretria for Plii- lip, for we hear of the Athenians sending ambas- sadors to request his consent to the- arrangement for uniting Euboea under one federative government, having its congress at Chalcis, to which Athens was also to transfer the annual contributions from Oreus and Eretria. Aeschines says, that a talent from Cleitarchus was part of the bribe which he alleges that Demosthenes received for procuring the decree in question. Cleitarchus appears there- fore to have come into the above project of Demos- thenes and Callias, to whom he would natunilly be opposed ; but he thought it perhaps a point gained if he could get rid of the remnant of Athe- nian influence in Eretria. For the possible mo- tives of Demosthenes, see p. 568, a. The plan, however, seems to have fallen to the ground, and Demosthenes in b. c. 341 carried a decree for an expedition to Euboea with the view of putting down the Macedonian interest in the island. On this, Cleitarchus and Philistides, the tyrant of Oreiis, sent ambassadors to Athens to prevent, if possible, the threatened invasion ; and Aeschines, at whose house the envoys were entertained, ap- pears to have supported their cause in the assem- bly. But the decree was carried into effect, and the command of the armament was given to Pho- cion, by whom Cleitarchus and Philistides were expelled from their respective cities. (Aesch. c. CLEITOMACHUS. Cfcs. §§85—103; Dera. de Cor. p. 252, &c. ; Diod. xvi. 74 ; Plut. Dem. 17.) [E. E.] CLEITARCHUS (KKeirapxos), son of the his- torian Deinon (Plin. //. N. x. 49), accompanied Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition, and wrote a history of it. This work has been erroneously supposed by some to have formed the basis of that of Curtius, who is thought to have closely followed, even if he did not translate it. We find Curtius, however, in one passage (ix. 5. § 21) differing from Cleitarchus, and even censuring him for his inaccuracy. Cicero also (de Leg. i. 2) speaks very slightingly of the production in question (to Trept 'AA.e^ovSpof ), and mentions him again (BruL 1 1 ) as one who, in his account of the death of Themistocles, eked out history with a little dash of romance. Quintilian says {InsL Or. X. 1), that his ability was greater than his veracity ; and Longinus (de Sublim. § 3 ; comp. Toup. ad loc.) condemns his style as frivolous and inflated, applying to it the expression of Sophocles, (TfiiKpns fiev avlaKois, (popSeids S* drep. He is quoted also by Plutarch (T/iem. 27, Alex. 46), and several times by Pliny, Athenaeus, and Strabo. The Cleitarchus, whose treatise on foreign words {yoo<T(Tai) is frequently referred to by Athenaeus, was a different person from the liistorian. (Fabric. Bib/. Gruec. iii. p. 38 ; Voss, de Hist. Grace, p. 90, ed. Westermann.) [E. E.] CLEITE (KAefTTj), a daughter of king Merops, and wife of Cyzicus. After the murder of her husband by the Argonauts she hung herself, and the tears of the nymphs, who lamented her death, were changed into the well of the name of Cleite. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 967, 1063, &c.) [L. S.] CLEITODE'MUS. [Cleidemus.] CLEITO'MACH US (KAejTo'/xaxos), a Cartha- ginian by birth, and called Hasdrubal in his own language, came to Athens in the 40th year of hisage, previously at least to the year 146 b. c. He there became connected with the founder of the New Academy, the philosopher Ciimeades, under whose guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished disciples of this school ; but he also studied at the same time the philosophy of the Stoics and Peri- patetics. Diogenes Laertius, to whom we are in- debted for these notices of the life of Cleitomachus, relates also (iv. 67), that he succeeded Carneades as the head of the Academy on the death of the latter, b. c. 129. (Comp. Steph. Byz. s.v. Kapxv- Sa>v.) He continued to teach at Athens till as late as b. c. 1 1 1, at all events, as Crassus heard him in that year. (Cic. de Oral. i. 11.) Of his works, which amounted to 400 books {fii§ia, Diog. Laert. /. c), only a few titles are preserved. His main object in writing them was to make known the philosophy of his master Car- neades, from whose views he never dissented. Cleitomachus continued to reside at Athens till the end of his life ; but he continued to cherish a strong affection for his native country, and when Carthage was taken in b. c. 1 46, he wrote a work to console his unfortunate countrj^men. This work, which Cicero says he had read, was taken from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended to exhibit the consolation which philosophy sup- plies even under the greatest calamities. (Cic. Tiisc. iii. 22.) Cicero seems indeed to have paid a good deal of attention to the works of Cleitoma- chus, and speaks in high terms of his industry, penetration, and philosopliical talent. {Acad. ii. 6,