Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 1.djvu/573

Rh CAESAR. Cic. Brut. 72, 7 4 ; Tac. A mi. xiii. 3, Dial, de Oral. 21 ; Pint. Cues. : ; Suet. Caes. 55.) 2. " Epistolae," of which sevenil are preserved in the collection of Cice- ro's letters, but there were still more in the time of Suetonius {Caes. 5(>) and Appian {B. C. ii. 79). 3. " Anticato," in two books, hence sometimes called " Anticatones," a work in reply to Cicero's " Cato," which the Roman orator wrote in praise of Cato after the death of the latter in B. c. 46. (Suet. /. c. ; Cell. iv. 16 ; Cic. ud Alt. xii. 40, 41, xiii. 50, &c.) 4. " De Analogia," or as Cicero explains it, " De Ratione Latino loquendi," in two books, which contained investigations on the Latin language, and were written by Caesar while he was crossing the Alps in his return from his winter-quarters in the north of Italy to join his army in further Gaul. It was dedicated to Cicero, and is frequently quoted by the Latin grammarians. (Suet. I. c. ; Cic. Brut. 72 ; Plin. H. N. vii. 30. s. 31; Gell. xix. 8; Quintil. i. 7. § 34.) 5. " Libri Auspicionim," or " Auguralia." As pontifex maximus Caesar had a general super- intendence over the Roman religion, and seems to have paid particular attention to the subject of this work, which must have been of considerable extent as the sixteenth book is quoted by Macrobius. (.bW. i. 16 ; comp. Priscian. vi. p. 719, ed. Putsch.) 6. " De Astris," in which he treated of the move- ments of the heavenly bodies. (Macrob. /. c. ; Plin. //. N. xviii. 25. s. 57, &c.) 7. '' Apoph- thegmata," or " Dicta collectanea," a collection of good stiyings and witty remarks of his own and other persons. It seems from Suetonius that Caesar had commenced this work in his youth, but he kept making additions to it even in his dic- tatorship, so that it at length comprised several volumes. This was one of Caesar's works which Augustus suppressed. (Suet. l. c. ; Oic. ad Fam. ix. 16.) 8. " Poemata." Two of these written in his youth, " Laudes Herculis" and a tragedy " Oedipus," were suppressed by Augustus. He also wrote several epigrams, of which three are preserved in the Latin Antholog} (Nos. 68 — 70, ed. Meyer.) There was, too, an astronomical poem of Caesar's, probably in imitation of Aratus's, and lastly one entitled " Iter," descriptive of his journey from the city to Spain, which he wrote at the latter end of the year b. c. 46, while he was on this journey. The editio princeps of Caesar's Commentaries was printed at Rome in 1449, fol. Among the subsequent editions, the most important are by Jungerniann, contiiining a Greek translation of tlie seven books of the Gallic war made by Planudes (Francf. 1606, 4to., and 166y,4to.); by Graevius, with the life of Caesar, ascribed to Julius Celsus (Amst. 1697, 8vo., and Lug. Rat. 1713, 8vo.) ; by Cellarius (Lips. 17U5); by Davis, with the Greek translation of Planudes (Cant. 1706, 1727, 4to.) ; by Oudendorp (Lugd. Bat. 1737, 4to., Stuttgard, 1822, 8vo.); by Moras (Lips. 1780, 8vo.), re- edited by Oberlin (Lips. 1805, 1819, 8vo.). (The principal ancient sources for the life of Caesar are the biographies of him by Suetonius and Plutarch, the histories of Dion Cassius, Appian, and Velleius Paterculus, and the letters and orations of Cicero. The life of Caesar ascribed to Julius Celsus, of Constantinople, who lived in the seventh century after Christ, is a work of Petrarch's, as has been shewn by C. E. Cii. Schneider in his work entitled " Pctrarchac, llistoria Julii Cue- CAESAR. 555 saris," Lips. 1827. Among modem works the best account of Caesar's life is in Drumann's Ge»- chichte Roms. Caesar's campaigns have been criticised by Napoleon in the work entitled " Precis des Guerres de Cesar par Napoleon, ecrit par M. Marchand, a I'ile Sainte-Htlene, sous la dictee de I'Kmpereur," Paris, 1836.) For an account of Caesar's coins, see Eckhel, vol. vi. pp. 1 — 17. His likeness is given in the two coins annexed ; in the latter the natural bald- ness of his head is concealed by a crown of laureL (See also p. 516.) 19, 20, 21. JuLTAE. [Julia.] 22. Caesarion. *[Caesarion.] 23. Sex. Julius Caesar, son of No. 17, was Flamen Quirinalis, and is mentioned in the history of the year b. c. 57. (Cic. de Harusp. Befp. 6.) 24. Sex. Julius Caesar, son probably of No. 23, as he is called by Appian very young in B. c. 47, and is not therefore likely to have been the same as the preceding, as some have conjectured. He was in the army of the great Caesar in Spain in b. c. 49, and was sent by the latter as ambassador to M. Terentius Varro. At the conclusion of the Alexandrine war, B. c. 47, Sex. Caesar was placed over Syria, where he was killed in the following year by his own sol- diers at the instigation of Caecilius Bassus, who had revolted against the dictator. (Caes. B. C. ii. 20 ; Hirt. B. Alex. 66 ; Dion Cass, xlvii. 26 ; Ap- pian, B. C. iii. 77 ; compare Bassus, Caecilius.) C. CAESAR and L. CAESAR, the sons of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, and the grandsons of Augustus. Caius was born in B. c. 20 and Lucius in B. c. 17, and in the latter year they were both adopted by Augustus. In B. c. 13, Caius, who was then only seven years of age, took part with other patrician youths in the Trojan game at the dedication of the temple of Marcellus by Augustus. In B. c. 8, Caius accompanied Tiberius in his campaign against the Sigambri in order to become acquainted with military exercises. Augustus carefulh' superintended the education of both the youths, but they earlj^ shewed signs of an arrogant and overbearing temper, and importuned their grandfather to bestow upon them public m.^rks of honour. Their requests were seconded by the- entreaties of the people, and granted by Augustus,, who, under the appearance of a refusal, was ex- ceedingly anxious to grant them the honours they solicited. Thus they were declared consuls elect and principes juventutis before they had laid aside the dress of childhood. Caius was nominated to the consulship in B. c. 5, but was not to enter upon it till five years afterwards. He assumed the toga virilis in the same year, and his brothei in B. c. 2.