Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) - Volume 1.djvu/280

Rh 262 ARCHELAUS. had no occasion to refer to it, and of the remarks of Athenaeus, who ascribes it to Phito's love of scan- dal. (Thuc. ii. 100; Athen. xi. p. 506, a. e.; Mitford, Gr. Hist. ch. 34, sec. 1 ; Thirlwall, Gr. Hist. vol. v. p. 157.) In B.C. 410 Pydna revolted from Archelaus, but he reduced it with the aid of an Athenian squa- dron under Theramenes, and the better to retain it, in subjection, rebuilt it at a distance of about two miles from the coast. (Diod. xiii. 49 ; Wess. ad loc.) In another war, in which he was involved with Sirrhas and Arrhabaeus, he purchased peace by giving his daughter in marriage to the former. ( Aristot. Po/iY. I.C.; comp. Thirlwall, Gr. Hist. vol. V. p. 158.) For the internal improvement and se- curity of his kingdom, as well as for its future greatness, he effectually provided by building fort- resses, forming roads, and increasing the army to a stronger force than had been known under any of the former kings. (Thuc. ii. 100.) He established also at Aegae (Arr. Anab. i. p. 11, f.) or at Dium (Diod. xvii. 16 ; Wess. ad Diod. xvi. 55), public games, and a festival which he dedicated to the | opened the campaign no more than 10,000 assem- ARCHELAUS. rived ill Greece, and immediately marched towards Attica. As he was passing through Boeotia, Thebes deserted the cause of Archelaus, and joined the Romans. On his arrival in Attica, he sent a part of his army to besiege Aristion in Athens, while he himself with his main force went straight on to Peiraeeus, where Archelaus had retreated within the v/aUs. Archelaus maintained himself during a long-protracted siege, until in the end, Sulla, des- pau'ing of success in Peiraeeus, turned against Athens itself. The city was soon taken, and then fresh attacks made upon Peiraeeus, with such suc- cess, that Archelaus was obliged to withdraw to the most impregnable part of the place. In the meanwhile, Mithridates sent fresh reinforcements to Archelaus, and on their arrival he withdrew with them into Boeotia, B. c. 86, and there assem- bled all his forces. Sulla followed him, and in the neighbourhood of Cliaeroneia a battle ensued, in which the Romans gained such a complete victorj', that of the 120,000 men with whom Archelaus had Muses and called "Olympian." His love of litera- ture, science, and the fine arts is well known. His palace was adorned with magnificent paintings by Zeuxis (Ael. V. H. xiv. 17); and Euripides, Aga- thon, and other men of eminence, were among his guests. (Ael. V. H. ii. 21, xiii. 4; Kiihn, ad Ael. V. H. xiv. 17; SchoL ad Aristoph. Ran. 85.) But the tastes and the (so-called) refinement thus intro- duced failed at least to prevent, even if they did " not foster, the great moral corruption of the court. (Ael. //. cc.) Socrates himself received an invita- tion from Archelaus, but refused it, according to Aristotle {Rhet. ii. 23. § 8), that he miglit not sub- ject himself to the degradation of receiving favours which he could not return. Possibly, too, he was influenced by disgust at the corruption above al- luded to, and contempt for the kiug''s character. (Ael. V. H. xiv. 17.) We read in Diodorus, that Archelaus was accidentally slain on a hunting party by his favourite, Craterus or Crateuas (Diod. xiv. 37; Wess. ad loc.) ; but according to other accounts of apparently better authority, Craterus murdered him, either from ambition, or from disgust at his odious vices, or from revenge for his having broken his promise of giving him one of his daughters in marriage. (Aristot. Polit. v. 10, ed. Bekk ; Ael. V. H. viii. 9; Pseud.- Plat. Alcib. ii. p. 141.) [E.E.] ARCH EL A'U S ('Apx^Aaos), a general of Mith- niDATES, and the greatest that he had. He was a native of Cappadocia, and the first time that his name occurs is in B. c. 88, when he and his brother Neoptolemus had the command against Nicomedes III. of Bithynia, whom they defeated near the river Amnius in Paphlagonia. In the next year he was sent by Mithridates with a large fleet and army into Greece, where he reduced several islands, and after persuading the Athenians to abandon the cause of the Romans, he soon gained for Mithri- dates nearly the whole of Greece south of Thessaly. In Boeotia, however, he met Bruttius Sura, the legate of Sextius, the governor of IVIacedonia, with whom he had during three days a hai-d struggle in the neighbourhood of Cliaeroneia, until at last, on the arrival of Lacedaemonian and Achaean auxiliaries for Archelaus, the Roman general with- drew to Peiraeeus, which however was blockaded and taken possession of by Archelaus. In the meantime, Sulla, to whom the command of the war against iMithridatcs had been given, had ar- bled at Chalcis in Euboea, where Archelaus had taken refuge. Sulla pursued his enemy as far as the coast of the Euripus, but having no fleet, he was obliged to allow him to make his predatory excursions among the islands, from which, how- ever, he afterwards was obliged to return to Chalcis. Mithridates had in the meantime collected a fresh army of 80,000 men, which Doryalus or Dorylaus led to Archelaus. With these increased forces, Archelaus again crossed over into Boeotia, and in the neighbourhood of Orchomenos was completely defeated by Sulla in a battle which lasted for two days. Archelaus himself was concealed for three days after in the marshes, until he got a vessel which carried him over to Chalcis, where he col- lected the few remnants of his forces. When Mithridates, who was himself hard pressed in Asia by C. Fimbria, was informed of this defeat, he commissioned Archelaus to negotiate for peace on honourable terms, B. c. 85. Archelaus accordingly had an interview with Sidla at Delium in Boeotia. Sulla's attempt to make Archelaus betray his mas- ter was rejected with indignation, and Archelaus confined himself to concluding a preliminary treaty which was to be binding if it received the sanction of ]Iithridates. While waiting for the king's an- swer, Sulla made an expedition against some of the barbarous tribes which at the time infested Mace- donia, and Avas accompanied by Archelaus, for whom he had conceived great esteem. In his an- swer, Mithridates refused to surrender his fleet, which Archelaus, in his interview with Sulla, had likewise refused to do ; and when Sulla would not conclude peace on any other tenns, Archelaus him- self, who was exceedingly anxious that peace should be concluded, set out for Asia, and brought about a meeting of Sulla and his king at Diu-danus in Troas, at which peace Avas agreed upon, on condi- tion that each party should remain in possession of what hiid belonged to them before the war. This peace v/as in so far unfavourable to Mithridates, as he had made all his enormous sacrifices for nothing; and when Mithridates began to feel that he had made greater concessions than he ought, he also began to suspect Archelaus of treachery, and the latter, fearing for his life, deserted to the Romans just before the outbreak of the second Alithridatic war, B. c. 81. He stimulated jVIurena not to wait for the attack of the king, but to begin hostilities