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an earnest disciple of Kant, and published, in 1817, with this singular title, * Daylight, a Recent Discovery in the Art of Painting, with Hints on the Philosophy of the Fine Arts, and on that of the Human Mind, as first dissected by Emanuel Kant.' He died in Marylebone, April 8, 1857, aged 85.

RICK ARDS, Samuel, miniature paint- er. Practised in London at the latter part of the 18th century, and exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1776 and 1777.

KICK MAN, Thomas, architect Born of an old Sussex family at Maidenhead, June 8, 1776. His father was a surgeon, and he studied for that profession till 1797, when he came to London and was for a time with a chemist. He then completed his surgical studies, and joined his father at Lewes, where he practised medicine for two years. In 1803 he returned to London, and was clerk to a corn factor, and five years later removed to Liverpool, where he was employed by one of the chief brokers ; and, having spare time, devoted himself to the study of architecture, minutely examin- ing the characteristics of the Gothic style. Alter his somewhat erratic course, he seems to have found a vocation suited to his tastes. He began to design monumental and other small works, and became a competitor for some of the many new churches at that time erecting. On one occasion he was successful, and summoned to London to execute his design, he at once abandoned the certainty which he held ; to commence the new career which his ability and perse- verance had opened to him. He continued, however, to reside in Liverpool, till finding his engagements in many parts of the coun- try increase, he removed to Birmingham and finally settled there. He was attacked by apoplexy in 1834, and from that time his constitution gradually gave way. He died at Birmingham, in January 1841, aged 64. Among his best works may be men- tioned the buildings of St. John's College, Cambridge, a good example of Gothic de- sign; the church at Oulton, near Leeds; and Hampton Lucy Church, Warwickshire. He published * An Answer to the Observa- tions on the Plans for a New Library at Cambridge/ 1831 ; and ' An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation,' 1843.

RIDDEL, John, marine draftsman. Practised in the second half of the 18th century. Ant. Walker engraved after him.

RIDLEY, William, engraver. Prac- tised with some distinction about the close of the 18th century, and was much em- ployed on book illustration. Many of his portraits, well drawn and expressed, appear in the ' Evangelical Magazine.' He died at Addlestone, where he had for many years retired, August 15, 1838, aged 74. 358

• RIG AUD, John Francis, R.A., history awl portrait painter. Was born at Turin, May 18, 1742, the son of a respectable merchant, and descended from a French Protestant family. He early studied art, was appointed painter to the King of Sweden, and travelled in Italy for his im-

Srovement, making some stay at Rome, tologna, and Parma; and in 1766 was elected a member of the Academy at Bologna. In 1772 he went to Paris and from thence came to Loudon. He was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy for the first time in the same year, was soon dis- tinguished, was elected an associate of the Academy in that year, and in 1784 a full member. His diploma picture of ' Samson.' presented to trie Academy, was mucn esteemed. He found employment both in historical works and in portraiture, con- tinuing to practise and to exhibit yearly in both styles up to 1810. He painted for the Shakespeare, Historic, and Poet's Gal- leries, and decorated several ceilings, among them the ceiling of the Court Room in the Trinity House, Tower HilL He also painted in fresco an altar-piece for the Parish Church at Packington, and one for St. Martin Outwich, London. He was found dead in his bed at the house of his patron, Lord Aylesf ord, at Packington. December 6, 1810. He translated into English Leonardo da Vinci's l Treatise on Painting,' 1806, and was a contributor to * The Artist.'

RIGAUD, Stephen Francis, water- colour painter. He was a student of the Royal Academy, and first appears as an exlubitor in 1797, and for many years was an occasional contributor both of portraits and of subject pictures, sacred ana classic. In 1801 he gained the Academy gold medal for his historical painting, * Clytemnestra Exulting over Agamemnon ; ' and in 1804 he was one of the foundation members of the Water-Colour Society, and a regular contributor to its exhibitions; his works chiefly of a sacred character. In 1805,

• Satan Discovered in the Bower of Adam and Eve;' in 1806, * Martha and Mary;' in 1807, * Sin and Death/ with an occa- sional subject from the poets. In 1812 he was the treasurer of the society, but on the change in its constitution, in the following year, he was one of the secedere. In 1814 he exhibited a large picture, which he had painted, of the ^Invasion of France in 1813,' with portraits of the Duke of Wel- lington and his generals. He last exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1815, 'David going forth against Goliath.' But in 1849- 50 and 51, he exhibited some classic subjects with the Society of British Artists.

• RILEY ; John, portrait painter. Was born in Bishopsgate parish, London, 1646, and was the son of the Lancaster Herald, who was also Record Keeper at the Tower.