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and then went to Liverpool, in 1787 return- ing to London. He then went, on an in- vitation, to Dublin, where he was successful as a portrait painter, and afterwards re- turned to London about 1796. exhibiting at the Academy in that year, and continuing to practice with some repute ; but he does not appear again as an exhibitor.

P AD U A, John of, architect. See Thorpe, John.

PAEST, Henry, portrait painter and copyist. He practised in the reign of Charles II., and found employment under Barlow and Henry Stone. There is a copy of Lucca Giordano's * Cyclops ' by him, which was in the royal collection at St. James's Palace.

PAINE, James, architect. Was a student in the St. Martin's Lane Academy, and attained the power of drawing both the figure and ornament well, and was the designer of the ornament for his own works. He was a member of the Artists' Com- mittee appointed 1755 to plan the estab- lishment of a Royal Academy. In 1765 he built an exhibition room for the Society of Arts, and about the same time rebuilt Salisbury Street, Strand. He erected several fine mansions, among his earliest, Nostell Priory, Yorkshire, simple but heavy in character ; also Wardour Castle. Wilts, Worksop Notts, Thorndon Hall Essex, and the mansion at Whitehall known as Dover House. He was clerk of the works at Greenwich Hospital, and was appointed architect to the King, but his othce was one of those abolished by Mr. Burke's act. He was an influential mem- ber of the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1765, afterwards president, and for several years exhibited his designs with the Society, but his presidency was the cause of great recrimination and ill-will. He exhibited in 1781 at the Royal Aca- demy his design for a national monument to the Earl of Chatham. He published in 1775, 'Plans of Doncaster;' and in 1783, his 'Plans and Elevations of Noblemen's and other Houses,' with 176 plates. He lived in a spacious house which he had built for himself in St. Martin's Lane, and then removed to the neighbourhood of Chertsey, where he had a fine collection of drawings, and in 1783 was high sheriff for Surrey. He retired to France and died there in 1789, in his 73rd year. There is now a good portrait of him and his son in University Gallery, Oxford. His daughter married Tilly Kettle, the painter.

PAINE, James, water-colour drafts- man. Son of the above. Was a member of the St Martin's Lane Academy, and exhibited stained drawings at the Spring Gardens' Exhibitions, 1761-64^70.

PALMER, Sir James, amateur. Was a favourite in the household of Charles I.

and Deputy Chancellor of the Order of the Garter. He copied several of the pictures in the Royal collection; among them, Titian's 'Tarquin and Lucretia.' These copies were probably 'limnings.' He is also said to have painted a ' Feast of Bac- chus.' He was an agent for the purchase of some pictures for the King.

PAP WORTH, George, R.H.A., archi- tect. He was born in London about 1781, and was first employed in the office of an elder brother. In 1804 he went to North- ampton, and in 1806 to Dublin, where he settled. He was for some time engaged to superintend the manufacture of stone tubes for piping, and made some inventions, which were profitable to him; and from 1812-18 was employed as an architect and arbitrator. His reputation increased, and he erected several public buildings ; among them the King's Bridge, a novel, light iron structure, over the Liffey. In 1831 he was elected a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy. In 1851 he built the Museum of Irish Industry at Dublin. Died there March 14, 1855.

PAP WORTH, John Buonarotti, architect. Elder brother of the foregoing George Papworth. He was an exhibitor at the Academy from 1816-41, chiefly of architectural designs. About 1823 he was appointed architect to the King of Wurtem- burg, for whom he designed a palace ; and on the establishment of the Government School of Design in 1837, he was appointed the director, and he fitted up and arranged the schools. He also made designs for fur- niture, and was occasionally employed in the embellishment of gardens. Was a vice-president of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He published an essay on 4 The Dry Rot in Timber ' 1803 ;»' Hints on Ornamental Gardening, 1834 ; ' Hints on Rural Architecture.' After 50 years' practice he retired to St Neots, where he died June 16, 1847.

PAPWORTH, John Thomas. R.H.A., architect. Eldest son of the above, was bom in 1813, and was professor of Archi- tecture in the Royal Dublin Society, and secretary to the Institute of Irish Archi- tects. He died prematurely in Paris, in October 1841, aged 27.

PAPWORTH, John Woody, architect. Son of the foregoing J. Buonarotti Pap- worth, was born in Marylebone, March 4, 1820, and at the age of 16 entered his father's office. On the opening of the new Government School of Design ne filled for twelve months the office of secretary to the Council. In 1839 he was admitted to study in the schools of the Royal Aca- demy, and from that time for many years exhibited his architectural designs at the Academy; among them, a design for the facade of the Cathedral of Santa Maria at

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