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power. They have individuality of charac- ter, but want expression.

ARUNDALE, Francis, architect. Born in London, August 9, 1807. Was a pupil of Augustus Pugin; accompanied him in his tour through Normandy, and made some of the drawings for his 'Architec- tural Antiquities of NormandY' In 1831 he went to Egypt to study the architect- ural remains of that country, and in 1833, in company with Mr. Catherwood and Mr. Bonomi, he visited the Holy Land, resided some time in Jerusalem, and made a large number of sketches and drawings, and a careful measurement of the Mosque of Omar. He remained, altogether, nine years in the East, and then travelled in Greece. Later he visited France and Italy, passing several winters in Rome. He aid not practise as an architect; he rather studied the art as a draftsman. He painted several large pictures in oil from his Eastern sketches, and published 'The Edifices of Palladio,' from his own drawings and measurements, 1832; 'Illustrations of Jerusalem and Mount Sinai/ also from his own drawings, 1837; ' Selections from the Gallery of Antiquities in the British Museum,' 1842; 'The Early History of Egypt/ from the same source, did not ap- pear till 1857, and was, with the preceding work, the joint production of Mr. Bonomi. He also commenced a reprint of ' Palladio.' He married a daughter of Mr. Pickersgill, R. A., by whom he had six children. He died at Brighton, September 9, 1853, pro- bably having laid the seeds of his malady by inhabiting a tomb while in Egypt.

ARUNDEL, Thomas, D.D., amateur. Was born in 1353; second son of the Earl of Arundel. He was created Bishop of Ely 1374, Archbishop of York 1388, and of Canterbury 1396; and he filled the office of Lord Chancellor. As an architect, he rebuilt the Episcopal Palace in Holborn, built or superintended the erection of the Palace at York, and the Lantern Tower and part of the nave of Canterbury Ca- thedral. He died February 20, 1413.

ASHBY, H., portrait painter. Was the son of an engraver, who died in 1818. He practised in London, and first appears as an exhibitor at the Royal Academy in 1794. and in the following years was a regular contributor of portraits, and occa- sionally of domestic subjects. In 1808 he exhibited at the British Institution ' The Attic Artist/ and in 1816 'The Hypo- chondriac/ at the Royal Academy. He had retired for several years to Mitcham, and he exhibited two portraits in 1821, his last contribution. His portraits possessed some merit, and one or two have been en- graved. His domestic scenes showed an appreciation of character. ASHFIELD, John, architect. He was

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master of the works of Bristol Cathedral from 1472 to 1491, and is believed to have built the tower and south transept.

ASHFIELD, l&Duumyy portrait painter. Pupil of Michael Wright; painted both in oil and crayons, but excelled in the latter, which were highly and powerfully finished, and gained large prices. He multiplied the number ana variety of tints, black and white only being previously chiefly em- ployed, the paper forming the middle tint Vertue speaks with much praise of a small portrait oy him of Lady Herbert. He practised about 1680, and died about 1700. There are some portraits by him at Bur- leigh.

ASHFORD,William,P.R.H.A., land- scape painter. Born in Birmingham, he went to Ireland in 1764 and settled in Dublin. He was at that time about 18 years of age, and for a while held a situ- ation in the Ordnance Department. Fond of landscape painting, ne gave up his situation to follow art He contributed to the early exhibitions of the Incorporated Society of Artists in London, and m 1783 and 1790 to the Royal Academy Exhi- bitions. At this period he resided some time in London, and in conjunction with Serres, R.A., the marine painter, made a joint exhibition of their paintings. He was one of the three artists to whom his professional brethren confided the election of eleven others to constitute, with them- selves, the Royal Hibernian Academy, which was incorporated in 1823, and he was the first president of the new institu- tion, in which he always took the liveliest interest. His works were much esteemed, and he saved, early in Ins career, a sufficient competence; but for the last 30 years of his life he was neglected. He had retired to Sandymount, near Dublin, where he pursued his favourite art, both in oil and water-colours, with great vigour. He died there April 17, 1824, aged 78, and was buried in the neighbouring old churchyard at Donnybrook. A fine work by him, ' Orlando under the Oak/ is in the Hiber- nian Academy; and his own portrait, painted by himself, and several of his landscapes, are in the Fitzwilliam collection at Cambridge.

ASHLEY, Hector, mason and archi- tect. His name frequently appears in the Privy Purse accounts of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. He is also mentioned by Walpole as an architect of the time of Queen Elizabeth, and is supposed to have been engaged in the erection of Hunsdon House.

ASHPIT AL, Arthur, F.S. A., architect. Born December 14, 1807. He was the son of a surveyor and architect; a clever child, he suffered from an accident, and his long confinement led to study. When about 35

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