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to London, and was employed in the office of Mr. Shaw, the architect. Returning in 1825 to Lichfield, he established himself there, and was the architect of churches at Longtcn and Stoke, and of a club-house in Manchester. In Lichfield he built Christ Church, the corn exchange and market, and some other public edifices. He died May 7, 1865, at Lichfield, and was buried there.

JOHNSON, Thomas, draftsman and engraver. Practised in London in mezzo- tint in the latter part of the 18th century. There are several good mezzo-tint portraits by him, some from the life ; also, after his own drawing, 'A View of Canterbury Ca- thedral,' in DugdaleVMonasticon.' Strutt says that Faber adopted Johnson's name to engravings to which he did not choose to affix his own.

JOHNSTON, Andrew, engraver. There are a few mezzo-tint portraits by this artist. A portrait of Henry Sacheverell, after Gib- son, is by him.

JOHNSTON, Francis, R.H.A., archi- tect. Born in Ireland. Practised at Armagh 1786-93, and superintended the erection of the cathedral tower. He resided afterwards for some time in Dublin, and completed there the Castle Chapel, St. George's Church, 1802, a good example of the Ionic order, the steeple, elegant and original in its design. The cashier's office of the Bank of Ireland, 1804; the Post Office, 1817; and the Richmond General Penitentiary, are also by him. In 1824 he commenced, at his own expense, the erection of the Royal Hibernian Academy, including the exhibition rooms, schools, ana keeper's residence, which he completed in 1826, at a cost of 14,000£, and presented to that institution in perpetuity. He was the same year elected the president. He held the office of architect to the Dublin Board of Works. Died March 14, 1829. . JOHNSTON, Richard, architect. Born in Ireland. Practised with some repute in Dublin in the latter half of the 18th century. He built the Dublin Assembly Rooms, a fine suite of apartments.

JOHNSTONE, William Borthwiok, R.S.A., landscape and history painter. Was brought up as a solicitor, but allured by a love of art, he at last turned to its study with great enthusiasm. He tried both history and landscape, and in 1843 "went to Rome, and, led by the art which surrounded him, tried some works in the early Italian style. In 1840 he was elected an associate, and in 1848 a member, of the Scottish Academy. Here his chief works were exhibited, and he became the curator of the National Gallery for Scotland on its establishment in 1868, an office for which he was well fitted by his knowledge of the history of his art and of archaeology. After his first manner he tried an elaborate finish,

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and later relapsed into a more free and larger treatment. He does not appear as an exhibitor at the Royal Academy in London. He died in Edinburgh, June 5. 1868, in his 56th year.

JONES, Charlotte, miniature painter. She was an exhibitor at the Royal Aca- demy, commencing in 1801, and held the appointment of miniature painter to the Princess of Wales, and her portrait of the

Enncess is engraved. She continued to ex- ibit until 1823, when her name appears for the last time in the catalogue. She died September 21, 1847.

JONES, Emma (Madame Soter). Born in London in 1813. She is rer uted to have drawn likenesses with great fidelity before the age of 13 years, and devoted herself to the study of art. She painted portraits and groups of children, and was a frequent contributortothe Suffolk Street Exhibition ; one of her groups is engraved in mezzo- tint. In 1836 she married M. Soyer, the well-known chefde cuisine of the Reform Olub. She died in child-becL August 29, 1842, and was buried in the Kensal Green Cemetery. Her works are hard and black, with little feeling for colour or light and shade, but are not ill-drawn, and are good in their expression.

JONES, Inigo, architect. Was born near St. Paul's, London, about 1572, the son of a citizen and cloth-worker, a re- spectable man, in religion a Catholic. He was apprenticed to a joiner, early dis- tinguished himself by his pencil, and gained notice for his landscape skill and his designs. He was evidently well educated for his station in life. His talents introduced him friends, and the Earls of Pembroke and Arundel, it is said, though doubtful, assisted him to visit Italy. He studied some time at Rome, and then for several years at Venice. Here the reputation he had ac- quired gained him the notice of Christian IV., King of Denmark, who appointed him his architect, and employed him at Copen- hagen. It seems most probable, between conflicting accounts, that he accompanied the King on a visit to this country in 1606, and that soon after his arrival Queen Anne, the sister of the King of Denmark, ap- pointed him her architect, and he was granted the office of surveyor-general in reversion ; Prince Henry also appointed him his architect. He first shewed his ingenuity and skill in the preparation of the Court masques, then the fashion.

On theuntimely death of the young prince m 1612 he again went to Italy, where he remained some years, maturing his powers by study. Then his reversionary office fell vacant and he returned to England. He commenced the Banqueting House in Whitehall in 1619, and designed for James 1. the magnificent palace of which it was

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