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ing state of health. He died at St. John's Wood, June 1, 1831. He was twice mar- ried, and though his professional earnings had been large, he left his second wife, the daughter of James Ward, R.A., and three infant children, without any provision. There is a memoir of him in the ' Library of the Fine Arts/ 1831.

JACKSON, John, wood-engraver. He resided for many years in Smithfield, and was much employed, in the latter part of the 18th century, in engraving illustrations for children's books. He was a man of eccentric habits, of whom little can now be learnt.

JACKSON, John Baptist, wood-en- graver. Was born in 1701, and was ap- Erenticed to Kirkall, from whom he learnt is art. From want of employment at home, he went to Paris about 1726, where he applied to Papillon, then eminent as a wood-engraver, who says, in his 'Traite de la Gravure en Bois,' that he gave him a few things tp execute to supply him with the means of subsistence, and charges him with ungratefully attempting to sell a dupli- cate, which he had dishonestly made, of a design entrusted to him to execute. For some time he finished works on speculation, and was glad to sell them for what he could get, till, disgusted with his position, and almost destitute, he was induced to accompany a painter to Rome about 1731. and from thence to Venice. He resided there till 1742, and in 1745 published 17 large woodcuts in chiaroscuro, chiefly from the great Venetian masters. After 20 years spent in France and Italy he returned to England, and finding no employment, he engaged himself in a paper-hanging manu- factory at Battersea, where he continued in 1754, after which time no further record of him appears. He was employed upon vignettes and ornamental cuts for books, produced a fine * Descent from the Cross/ after Rembrandt, and published six land- scapes ; printed in colours, of which process he claimed to be the inventor.

JACKSON, John, wood-engraver. Was born at Ovingham, April 19, 1801. He was a pupil of Armstrong, and after- wards of Bewick; but, disagreeing with his master, after about twelve months he came to London, and was for a time under Harvey. He soon commenced on his own account, and was largely employed on Mr. Charles Knight's pubhcations, especially upon his 'Shakespeare.' He employed many assistants, and his works, if not of the nrst class, were suited to the pubhca- tions for which they were required. Some of his engravings of cattle, after Harvey, may be referred to as among his best works, as also some of his blocks for Northcote's ' Fables.' He published, with Chatto, ' A Treatise on Wood Engraving, Historical 236

and Practical ' — a work which is due to his enterprise. After four years of declining health and suffering, he died March 27, 1 848. H e was buried m fl ighgate Cemetery.

JACKSON, John Richardson, mezzo- tint engraver. Was born at Portsmouth. December 14, 1819, and was the second son of Mr. E. Jackson, banker. In 1836 he became the pupil of the late R. Graves, A.R.A., and at first practised line-engrav- ing, but before long he abandoned this method in favour of mezzo-tint. His first work of importance was 'The Otter and Salmon,' after Sir E. Landseer, engraved in 1847 ; but he subsequently confined himself almost entirely to portraits. Among them may be mentioned ' Lord Lansdowne/ after Sir F. Grant, P.R.A. ; ' Archbishop Trench,' 'Duke of Buccleugh,' 'Bishop Wilberforce/ and many others, after u. Richmond, R.A. ; ' Sir A. Fairbairn,' after G. F. Watts, R.A.; 'The Queen/ after Fowler* 'The Princess Royal and her Sisters/ after Winterhalter, etc., etc. His drawing was careful and his execution re- fined and delicate, and his best works are characterised by much richness of colour. He died at Southsea of relapsing fever, May 10. 1877.

J AC; K SON, Samuel, water-colour painter. He was born at Bristol, where his father, a merchant, brought him up in his office. He travelled in Scotland and Ireland, and made a voyage to the West Indies to establish his failing health. In his travels the contact with nature de- veloped a love of art, and at the age of 30 he commenced its study as a profession, and was the pupil of Danby, A.K.A., who was then residing at Bristol. He formed a friendship with Prout, Pvne, and some others ; and gaining* a footmg in art, was in 1832, while still residing at Bristol, elected an associate exhibitor of the Water- Colour Society, and from that time was a yearly contributor of views in Wales and landscape compositions up to 1848, when he withdrew from the Society. In 1853 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a 'Roadstead after a Gale, Twilight/ and 'Towing a dismasted Vessel into Port/ both in water-colours ; and the following year a ' Coast Scene, a Calm.' When well advanced in life, he made a tour in Switzer- land, and painted some of his most success- ful pictures. Well versed in the techni- calities of his art, he successfully studied the treatment of landscape, which he ren- dered with much poetry and effect. He died in 1870, aged 75. His son, Mr. S. P. Jackson, is a member of the Water- Colour Society.

JACKSON, William, amateur. He was born in 1730, at Exeter, the son of a tradesman in that city, and became dis- tinguished as a musician and teacher of