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both in water-colour and in enamel, and occasionally in oiL From 1772 to 1782 he exhibited at the Royal Academy, and was in 1779 elected an associate. He then went to Dublin, where he settled, and was re- siding in 1791, when his reputation brought him more commissions than he could exe- cute. In 1795 he was appointed miniature painter to the Prince of Wales, and that year exhibited a number of miniatures at the Academy. But on the Union his fashion- able sitters fell off, and he soon followed them to London. He resided then in Dover Street, Piccadilly, had a large practice, and resuming his contributions to the Academy, he continued to exhibit up to 1822. He died after a short illness, May 24, 1825, in his 70th year, and was buried in St. George's Chapel Yard, Oxford Road. Many of his miniatures are engraved.

HOOD, Thomas, humorous draftsman. Was born in the Poultry, a * Cockney,' as he said, May 23, 1799 ; the son of a book- seller, and apprenticed to his uncle as an engraver, by whom he was transferred to one of the Le Keux. He early abandoned this art for literature, in which his first attempts-had been made. But he had much ability of drawing, and the quaintness of his illustrations to his 'writings added to their just celebrity. His chief works so embellished were his * Whims and Oddi- ties/ ' Hood's Magazine,' and * The Comic Annuals.' He also etched and published a large plate full of humour and character, called^ The Progress of Cant.' His memory, however, belongs to literature. He was a most original and powerful genius ; a poet, serious and comic ; a novelist, a humorist, writing under the pressure of pecuniary difficulties and of bodily suffering. As he desired, it was recorded on his tomb in the Kensal Green Cemetery, 'He wrote the Song of the Shirt.' This song consisted of a few painfully, serious verses, of which the moral effect was inconceivable. After a lingering illness of several years, aggravated by many trials, he died in the Adelphi, May 3, 1855. A pension of 1001. a year granted by the Queen to his wife just before his death, then fast approaching, was his last solace.

HOOD, John, marine painter. He was a shipwright, living at Limehouse, and practised m water-colours soon after the middle of the 18th century. In 1765 he exhibited ^Shipping' at the Spring Gardens Rooms. Houston engraved after him, in mezzo-tint, * A Naval Engagement.'

HOOKE, Dr. Robert, architect He was born July 18. 1635, at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, of which parish his father was the minister. He was for a short time a pupil of Sir Peter Lely, but was early removed to Westminster School, and from there to Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his

M.A. degree about 1662. A good mechan- ician, he tried many astronomical and mechanical inventions, and was one of the promoters of the foundation of the Royal Society ; and became the curator in 1662 and the secretary in 1677, and read many philosophical papers at the Society's meet- ings, lie was also Gresham professor of geology. For some time he was an assist- ant to Sir Christopher Wren, and after the Great Fire in 1666 was his competitor, having submitted a model for rebuilding the City. He was appointed one of the com- missioners for surveying and adjusting the sites of the different owners ; and was the designer of several well-known buildings, the chief of which have been taken down to make way for modern improvements. He built, in 1663, the Duke of Montague's house in Bloomsbury, which was burnt down in 1686 ; part of the old College of Physicians, Warwick Lane ; Aske's Hospital, Hoxton ; and Bethlehem Hospital, on its removal to Moorfields, in 1675. After a life of great activity, he died, quite worn out, March 3, 1702-3. His works, and a record of his in- ventions, with a memoir of him, were pub- lished 1705. In his own day he was known as a great astronomer and miser.

HOOPER, S., topographical draftsman. He practised in the latter part of the 18th century, and made many of the drawings used by Gough in his ' Monumental Anti- quities/but they are of an inferior character.

HOJPKINS, Thomas, enameller and engraver. He was chiefly employed in enamelling and chasing watches and jewel- lery at a time when such work was fashion- able, and when Bone, R. A., found the same employment. He died in London, August 4 1794.

'HOPLEY, Edward W. J., subject painter. He practised at Lewes in the early part of his life, but in 1850 came to London, and from that year to his death was a fre- quent exhibitor at the Academy. In 1851, 1 Psyche ;' in 1853, « A Little Bit of Scan- dal ;' in 1860, « Sappho ; ' in 1863, ' The Spanish Coquette/ His last exhibited work was a portrait of Professor Owen. He was also an exhibitor at the British Institution. He died in London, Apiil 30, 1869, in his 53rd year.

HOPPER, Thomas, architect. Was the son of a surveyor, and was brought up under him. He gained the notice of Walsh Porter, who enjoyed the reputation of a man of taste, and was introduced by him to the Prince Regent, who became his patron. He built Slane Castle, Ireland, altered and added largely to Penrhyn Castle, Bangor, and was ei ga jed in the alteration or erec- tion of several other fine mansions. In the Metropolis he built Arthur's Club-house, St. James's Street ; the Atlas Fire Office, in Cheapside ; the Legal and General Fire

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