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married a daughter of Robert Edge Pine, the painter, by whom he left one son. He died in Duke Street, Piccadilly, April 23, 1786.

COZENS, John Robert, water-colour painter. He was the son of the foregoing, and was born in England in 1752. Little is known of his early teaching, but he pro- bably learnt his art from his father. He first exhibited at the Spring Gardens Ex- hibition in 1767, and sent his only contribu- tion to the Royal Academy in 1776. when he was in Italy studying—' A Landscape, with Hannibal, in his March over the Alps, showing his army the fertile plains of Italy. ' He was taken to Italy by Mr. Beckf ord? who employed him, and was the first British artist who successfully painted in water-colours the romantic scenery of that country. He returned in 1783, having while there made many studies and acquired qualities and modes of treatment which peculiarly belong to water-colour art. Thus he was the immediate predecessor of Turner and Girtin,and the first who produced those atmospheric effects which are the charm of his works as of theirs. His works are little more than tinted chiaroscuro, thinly washed with colour. He compounded his cloud tints and those for his distant moun- tains of Indian red; for his middle distance he used a small portion of lake with indigo and yellow ochre; his foregrounds princi- pally of black and burnt umber; his distant trees were tinted with warm washes, which he used for the sky, and those nearer with yellow ochre and indigo, enriched with burnt sienna, using the same with greater power in the foreground. With these simple materials, which were all that could be procured by the water-colour painter of his day, he produced works of the highest poetry and beauty. Constable, R.A., said ' his works were all poetry/ ana in enthu- siastic admiration pronounced him 'the greatest genius that ever touched land- scape.' Leslie, R.A.. said 'he had an eye equally adapted to the grandeur, the ele- gance, and the simplicity of nature, but loved best her gentlest and most silent elo- quence;' and again, 'pensive tenderness forms the charm of his evening scenes.' It is sad to tell of one so gifted that he became deranged in 1794 He was generously attended by Dr. Monro, and supported by Sir George Beaumont; and in this state he died in 1799. The drawings he made for Mr. Beckford— chiefly views in the neigh- bourhood of Rome and in other parts of Italy — were sold at Christie's in 1805. They were 94 in number, and produced 510/., then considered a large sum.

CRADOCK, Luke, still-fife and animal

painter. Was born at Sumerton, near II-

chester, about 1660, and was apprenticed

to a house-painter in London with whom

104

CRA

he served his time. Self-taught, he became a skilful painter of still-life, birds and ani- mals, his works possessing great freedom and spirit. He was not appreciated in his lifetime, but after his death his pictures realised greatly enhanced prices. He died in London in 1717, and was buried at St. Mary's, WhitechapeL

CRAFT, William, enamel painter. He practised in enamel towards the end of the 18th century, and was employed in the Porcelain Works at Bow. He first exhi- bited at the Royal Academy, in 1774, a portrait in enamel, with several subject pieces. In 1778 he exhibited, in enamel. and continued an exhibitor till 1781. He produced some large works in enamel, which were very good in the manipulation of his material, but very weak in art.
 * Boy on a Lion ' and ' Cupid Meditating,

CRAIG, James, architect He was a pupil of Sir R. Tajlor, and practised with much reputation m Edinburgh. He de- signed Princes Street and George Street, parts of the new town, the Physicians Hall, and some other puolic buildings. He was a nephew of Thomson, the author of ' The Seasons.' He died June 23, 1795.

CRAIG, William Marshall, miniature painter. Said to have been brother to the above. He was painter in water-colours to the Queen, and miniature painter to the Duke and Duchess of York. He first ex- hibited at the Academy in 1788, and was then residing in Manchester. About 1791 he had settled in London, and in that year exhibited two figure subjects. In the fol- lowing year he commenced as a miniature and portrait painter, occasionally exhibit- ing rustic figures, landscape views, and domestic scenes. In 1814 he exhibited a collection of his water-colour drawings in Lower Brook Street. After 1821 his contri- butions were few, and ceased in 1827. He made most of the engraver's drawings for ' The British Gallery of Pictures,' a serial publication commenced in 1808, and is well known as a draftsman on wood and book illustrator. His drawings in water-colour have much careful finish, and though fre-

Suently tame and mannered, some of his lustrations are not without merit. He published, at the beginning of the 19th cen- tury, ' A Wreath for the Brow of Youth,' for which he designed the illustrations; 'An Essay on the Study of Nature in Drawing,' 1793; * The Complete Instructor in Drawing,' 1814; * The Sports of Love,' in six poems, 1818; ana ' Lectures on Drawing, Painting, and Engraving,' 1821. • CRA-NCH, John, amateur. Was born at Kingsbridge, Devon, October 12, 1751. Self-taught, as a boy he made great pro- gress in drawing, writing, and music. He first found employment as a clerk at Ax- minster, and received some kind instruc-