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 470 DESTEUCTION OF THE GREEK EMPIRE 245 $q. ; their great influence on the siege, 252 ; capture of fortresses outside the city, 253 Mahomet II.— The Siege : city in- vested, 254 ; first bombardments and their effects, 255 ; attacks that failed, 256 sq. ; attempt to capture aid-bearing ships : a failure, 257 sqq. ; sultan a spectator of the fight, 266 ; Baltoglu degraded, 2G7 ; attempt to gain possession of Golden Horn : transports vessels overland, 269 ; his reasons for this, 270 sqq. ; concealment of his design, ib. ; its success, 276 ; alleged re- quest for peace by Constantine, and sultan's reply, 277 ; failure of Greek attack on Turkish fleet, 277 sqq. ; attacks on city walls, 283 ; and on the boom, 287, 290 ; Mahomet's relations with Genoese, 287 sq., 291, 304 ; his secret and rapid con- struction of a wooden turret or ' bastion,' 292 sqq. ; lack of success of his attempts at undermining, 295 ; the work done in first six weeks of siege, 298 ; preparations for a general assault, 307 ; effect of can- nonading on the walls, 308 ; Justi- niani's stockade, 309 ; relations of the sultan with Hunyadi, 312 Mahomet II. — The last days of the Siege : the sultan orders his forces to observe three days of praise to God and one day of fasting, 315 ; he hesitates to attack, ib, ; alarmed at the strange phenomena of May 22-2(5, 316; employs Ismail of Sinope to offer terms of surrender to Greeks, 317; proposal rejected, 318 ; sultan calls council, and decides upon attack, 319 ; person- ally makes final arrangements, 320 ; proclaims three days of plunder, ib. ; speech to the pashas, 323 ; dis- position of the leaders of divisions, 325 ; the general assault, 335 ; begun by Bashi-Bazouks : their defeat, 335 ; the sultan puts him- self at the head of his reserves : the attack by Janissaries, 340 ; their success, 348 ; stockade captured, 349 ; death of Constantine ; Ma- homet enters the city, 351 Mahomet II. — After the Capture: his rage at the escape of many refugees, 370 ; treatment of surrendered Galata, 371 sq. ; triumphal entry into Constantinople, 372 ; in St. Sophia : makes it a mosque, 373 ; his treatment of eminent captives, 373 sqq. ; makes the city a desola- tion, 377 ; attempts to repeople it, 380 ; tries to get Greeks to settle in it, 381 ; placed young Greek nobles in the corps of Janissaries, ib. ; treatment of surrendered Greek islanders, ib. ; tolerates Christian worship, 382 ; his intercourse with new patriarch, George Scholarius (Gennadius), 383 ; later attempts at repeopling, 384 ; brings back fugitives, 385 ; subjugates empire of Trebizond, 386 Mahomet II. — His Character : he conquered two empires and seven kingdoms, 388 ; his wars were wholly for conquest ib. ; he improved Turkish fleet, 389; reformed the administration, ib. ; legitimised the slaughter of younger brothers by Ottoman sultans, 390; was reckless of human life : examples of his cruelty, 390 sq. ; yet he was kind to prisoners of war, 392 ; be knew six languages, ib. ; his studies, ib. ; drew learned men to his court, 393 ; his religious opinions : he was not a religious fanatic, 394 sqq.; the good and the evil in him, 396 sqq. Maine, Sir Henry, 186 Mango Khan, 54 Manuel II. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1391-1425 : son of John V.) : had been given by his father as hostage to Murad, 104 ; associated with his father in the government, 106 ; had with him, to render military service to the sultan, their suzerain, ib. ; father and son compelled Phila- delphia to surrender to Murad, 107 ; Manuel escapes, as hostage, from Bajazed, and is proclaimed at Constantinople as sole emperor, 109 ; the empire attacked on every side by Turks, ib. ; Manuel's arrangement with the pretender, his nephew John, 110 ; Hungarian co- operation with the emperor : their crushing defeat at Nicopoiis (1390), ib. ; help from Venice and the Genoese: small results, 111; Manuel's resultless visit to France and England, 111 sq. ; Bajazed's three attempts to capture Constanti- nople, 112 ; Manuel gave his grand- daughter in marriage to Suliman, Bajazed's successor, ib. : friendly relations with Sultan Mahomet L. 113, 151 sq. : war with Murad II., ib.;