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 468 DESTEUCTION OF THE GEEEK EMPIEE Cossovo-pol (1448), 174; the body founded by Sultan Orchan, 103, 223 ; origin and source of their supply, 224 ; strictness of their training and discipline, 225 ; esprit de corps, 226 ; developed into an imperium in imperio, 227 ; resem- blance between them and the Knights Templars, ib. ; Janissaries completely devoted to the sultan, ib. ; success of sultans largely due to the New Troops, 228; their prowess turned the disaster of Varna into a great victory, ib. ; their position in the grand assault, 323 ; their attack, 340 ; the incident at the Kerkoporta, 341 ; their final charge, 348; stockade captured, 349 ; complete success, 350 ; young Greek nobles placed in the corps after the capture, 381 John V. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1341 -91 ; son of Andronicus III.) : on account of John'syouth, Cantacu- zenus was associated with his mother (Anne of Savoy) as regent, 70 ; in 1342 John Cantacuzenus was proclaimed joint emperor, ib.; the strife which followed : civil war, 71 ; John's marriage to Helen, daughter of Cantacuzenus, 73 ; a remarkable coronation service : of the two emperors, their wives, and the dowager empress, ib, ; vicious character of John, 74 ; persistent animosity of the partisans of both emperors, 75 ; alliance and aid of Turks called in, against Serbians, 75 sq. ; John's quarrels with his father-in-law, 78 ; treatment of Matthew Cantacuzenus, 79 ; causes abdication of his co-emperor, 80 ; John's speedy disposal of Matthew, 87 ; his dislike of religious contro- versies, ib. ; alliance with Sultan Murad, 88; political basis of his views about Union, 39 ; appeal to the pope, 90 ; unsatisfactory results, 90 sq. ; visit to Eome : little help gained, 92 ; relations with Murad, 94 ; cruel treatment of his son Andronicus, and the son's retalia- tion, ib.; his son Manuel co-emperor, 94 sq. ; further domestic troubles, 95; death of John V. (1391), 96; his practical vassalage to the Turks, 96, 101 ; formally recognised (1373) Sultan Murad as his suzerain, 104 John Cantacuzenus, joint emperor with John V. (1342-55) ; held the dignity of Grand Domestic, 70; associated with Anne of Savoy as regent, ib. ; proclaimed joint emperor, ib. ; the civil war and decadence of the empire which followed, 70 sqq.; married his daughter Theodora to Sultan Orchan, and his daughter Helen to John V., 72; financial difficulties, 74 ; calls in Turkish aid against the Serbians, 76 ; a medley of incidents between the partisans of the two emperors, 76 sqq. ; nomina- tion of Matthew Cantacuzenus as co-emperor with his father, 78 sq. ; Cantacuzenus retires to the monas- tery of Mount Athos (1355), 80; his death (1380), ib. ; his character, 84 sqq. ; his History, 85 ; his mother a Bogomil, 87 John VII. (sometimes called John V. : Palaeologus), Emperor (1425-48 : nephew of Manuel II.) : co-emperor with his uncle, 110 ; his appeals for aid from West, 115 ; conditions on which help was promised : Union and acknowledgment of papal supre- macy, 116; position of empire in regard to the Turks in 1425, 119 ; the great attempt at Reunion, 120 sqq. ; the Council on Union : Bale (1431), 121 ; Ferrara (1438) : John with imperial representatives pre- sent, 124; Florence (1439), 125; Union signed, 127 ; hotly opposed in Constantinople, 127 sqq. ; events of John's last years, 129 ; his death : summary of his reign, 130 ; terms of peace (1423) with Murad, 155 ; John does homage to the sultan, 156 John, grandson of John V. : made co-emperor with his grandfather and his uncle Manuel, 95 John, Emperor (Trebizond), 387 John of Brienne, Emperor (Latin, 1228-37 : successor of Robert), 10 John, King (England), 10 John the Bastard, despot of Epirus, 35 John XXI., Pope : sent nuncios to Constantinople (1276), 35 John XXII., Pope: reply to Andro- nicus III.'s appeal for aid, 69 John of Austria, Don : victory over Turks at Lepanto (1571), 416 John, patriarch, 75 John, Father (head of Dominicans, 1439), 125 Joseph, patriarch : succeeded Ger- manus, and formally absolved