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 464 DESTEUCTION OF THE GEEEK EMPIRE the walls by Turks, 308: Justini- ani's stockade, 309 ; failure of Serbia and Hungary to send aid, 311 ; Hunyadi said to have been in communication with sultan, 312 Constantinople — The last days of Empire ; Ismail of Sinope brings from sultan suggestion to surrender, on terms : rejected, 317 sq. ; final preparations by the Greeks, 326 ; last religious procession in the city, 327 ; speech of the emperor, 328 ; last Christian service in St. Sophia, 330; the gates closed, 331; the general assault (May 29, 1453), 334 ; first attacks defeated, 335 sqq. ; the assault by Janissaries, 340 ; the Kerkoporta incident, 341 ; how the Turks got inside the Outer Wall, 342 sqq. ; Justiniani wounded, 345 ; the consequences, 346 sqq. ; final charge and success of Janissaries, 348 ; stockade captured, 349 ; death of Constantine, 350 ; capture of Constantinople, ib. ; Mahomet enters the city, 351 ; the capture due to two accidents, the neglected postern and the wound of Justiniani, ib. ; tardy arrival of aid, 352 Constantinople — In the hands of the Turks : the final struggles, 358 sqq.; panic throughout the city, 351 ; general slaughter during half a day, 362 ; flight of Christians to ships, 363 ; atrocities by looters, 364 ; gross treatment of refugees in St. Sophia, 366 ; and of the church, 367; wanton destruction of books, ib. ; number of persons captured or killed, 368 ; fate of fugitives, 369 ; St. Sophia made a mosque, 373 ; fate of defenders after capture, 373 sqq. ; the city brought to desolation, 377 ; love of Easterns for it, 378 ; pictur- esque beauty of its situation, 379 ; sultan's endeavours to repeople it, 380 sqq. ; Christian worship toler- ated : Gennadius appointed patri- arch, 382 sq. Constantinople — Effects of the Cap- ture : an epoch-marking event, 414 ; alarm created in Europe, 415 ; degradation of the Queen City, 416 ; disastrous results upon Christian subjects : they became rayahs or cattle, 417; causes of their im- poverishment and demoralisation, 418 sq. ; degradation of Church, 420 ; injury to religion and learn- ing, ib. ; destruction of benefits conferred by the Church, 421; inducements offered to abandon Christianity, 422 ; degraded position of women, 422 n. ; Christians became demoralised and lost self- respect, 423 ; impossibility of obtaining justice, 424 ; slight effect of the conquest on mass of Turkish population, 425; dawn of a better day, 426 sqq. Constantinople, Synod of (1450), on Union : deposed patriarch Gregory (a favourer of Union), 202 Contarini, James (Venetian) : a de- fender in the great siege, 250 Cossovo-pol (or Plain of Blackbirds), the first battle of (1389) : utter defeat by Turks of Serbians and their allies, 108 ; sealed the fate of Northern Serbians and Western Bulgarians, ib. ; battle of 1448 : defeat of Christians, 174 ; the losses on both sides, 175 Countouz, son of Murad : raised re- bellion against his father, 106 ; his punishment, ib. Courtenay, Catherine of : a marriage proposed between her and a Palaeo- logus, 37; she married Charles of Valois, 38 Crescent, the : use of the symbol is ancient : its probable origin, 140 n. Cretan ships in imperial fleet (1453), 250 ; their crews were the last Christians to quit their posts after the capture of the city, 363 Crimea : Turks driven out by Tartars (1300), 64 Critobulus : his ' Life of Mahomet II.,' x Crusade, the Fourth, 1 ; the Crusaders' share in spoil of Constantinople (1204), 3 ; mischief wrought by, in and around the [city, 13 ; their lawlessness, 14 Dalmata, John : with Constantine in final assault, 350 Dan, prince (of the Wallachs) : does homage to Murad II., 156 Dandolo, doge of Venice (1192), 1, 4 sq. 39, 49 Dante : helped to Western appreciation of Greek literature, 404 Danube, the : the highway between the Black and the North Seas, 23 David, emperor (Trebizond) : defeated by Mahomet II., 388