Page:Destruction of the Greek Empire.djvu/509

 INDEX 463 perial territory (1282), 61 sqq. ; Turks called in as partisans in im- perial dynastic struggles, 63 ; Brousa captured by Othman, 64 ; distressed condition of the empire in 1320, 65 ; long and lasting evils of dynastic struggles, 66 ; the quarrels between Andronicus II. and his grandson, 67 ; thirteen years constant war against Turks, 68 sqq.; the bitter strife between John V. and John Cantacuzenus (1342-55), 70 sqq. Constantinople — Causes leading to Decay of Empire : the small remnant of territory to which Consfcantine Dragases succeeded, 180 ; the decay was not due to demoralisation of people, 180 sq. ; they were super - stitiously religious, but not given to frivolous amusement, 181 ; their in- difference to matters political, 182 ; no fervour or energy among Church- men and nobles, 182 sq. ; no com- mercial spirit existed, 183 ; merits and faults were alike negative, 184 ; enervation caused by relaxing cli- mate of Constantinople, 184 n. ; chief causes of decay : mischief arising out of Latin conquest, 185 ; internal divisions and civil wars helped the Turks' aims against empire, 185 sq. ; autocratic form of government, 186 ; hostile races, and their mutual jealousies, 187 ; dissensions between co-emperors, ib. ; immiscible racial groups, 188 ; the system of Turkish conquests : nomads replace agriculturists, 188 sq. ; fearfulhavoc of the Black Death, (1347), 189 sqq. ; densely populated and flourishing countries become a desolation, 191 ; population of Con- stantinople in 1453, 192 sqq.; its commerce, 194 ; relations of govern- ment and governed, ib. ; no divine right of succession, 195 ; co-emperors, ib. ; law fairly administered, ib. ; popular interest in religious ques- tions, 196 ; intellectual life : classical Greek modified by Christianity, 197 ; Greek historians of the period, ib. ; character of civilisation of the time, 197 sq. ; intellectual life in provincial cities, 199 ; few glimpses of domestic life, ib. ; a period of disasters, struggles, alarms, and illusions, 200 Constantinople — Topography of the City : Galata of Pera (Genoese colony), 237 ; Stamboul (in 1453), ib. ; position and shape of the city pro- per, ib. ; the foss from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238 ; description of the walls: Landward Walls, 238 sqq.: the Peribolos or enclosure, 238; Outer Wall, 239 ; gates, civil and military, ib. ; valley of the Lycus, ib. ; the Mesoteichion and the Myriandrion, 240 ; Bachaturean walls, ib. ; Inner Wall, 241 ; the neglect of keeping the walls in good condition : money intended for their repair had been misappro- priated, 242 ; the defenders at the great siege took up their position in the Peribolos, 243 ; local disposi- tion of the enemy's forces, 243 sq. ; positions of the imperial forces, 248 sqq. Constantinople — Events of the Siege : the Queen City cut off from the out- side world, 254 ; damage done by enemy's cannonades, 255 ; con- struction of a stockade, ib. ; at- tempted capture and attack on boom repelled, 256 ; Baltoglu's attack on aid-bearing vessels: de- scription of the fight, 257 sqq. ; attack defeated : number of casual- ties, 267 ; attack on the landward walls : destructive bombardment, 268; a stockade formed, 269; the transport of Turkish ships overland, 269 sqq. ; Greek scheme to destroy these vessels, 279 sq. ; the attempt made, 281 ; failure, 282 ; constant attacks on the landward walls; operations of the great cannon, 283 ; provisions running short, 285 ; naval skirmishes, ib. ; vessel sent out to find Venetian fleet, ib. ; proposal that emperor should leave the city, 286 ; attacks on boom, 287, 290; jealousy between Venetians and Genoese, 288; attempts to capture city by assault defeated, 289 sq. ; attempts to undermine walls, 281, 294 sq.; a ' bastion ' erected by Turks, 292 sq. ; destroyed by Greeks, 294 ; failure to find Venetian fleet, 295 : super- natural omens, 296 sq. ; dissensions in city : among Greeks, arising out of the Union, 303 ; between Greeks and Italians : mainly from religious animosity, 301 ; between Venetians and Genoese : charge of treachery against the latter, 303 ; Greeks charged with lukewarmness and defections, 305; breaches made in