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assemblages of grouse, 405; on the battles of male deer, 501; on the reindeer, 503; on the horns of the musk-ox, 505; on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, 510; on the moose, 515.
 * Richardson, on the Scotch deerhound, 516.
 * Richter, Jean Paul, on imagination, 74.
 * Riedel, on profligate female pigeons, 218.
 * Riley, Mr., on mimicry in butterflies, 324; birds' disgust at taste of certain caterpillars, 326.
 * Ring-ouzel, colours and nidification of the, 455.
 * Ripa, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, 167.
 * Rivalry, in singing, between male birds, 369.
 * River-hog, African, tusks and knobs of the, 520.
 * Rivers, analogy of, to islands, 159.
 * Roach, brightness of male during breeding-season, 340.
 * Robbery, of strangers, considered honourable, 117.
 * Robertson, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, 234.
 * Robin, pugnacity of the male, 360; autumn song of the, 370; female singing of the, 370; attacking other birds with red in their plumage, 412; young of the, 480.
 * Robinet, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, 278.
 * Rodents, uterus in the, 38; absence of secondary sexual characters in, 218; sexual differences in the colours of, 534.
 * Roe, winter change of the, 542.
 * Rohlfs, Dr., Caucasian features in negro, 167; fertility of mixed races in Sahara, 171; colours of birds in Sahara, 490; ideas of beauty amongst the Bornuans, 582.
 * Rolle, F., on the origin of man, 3; on a change in German families settled in Georgia, 196.
 * Roller, harsh cry of, 371.
 * Romans, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, 123.
 * Ronjou, M. A., coincidence of arrested development with polydactylism, 37.
 * Rook, voice of the, 375.
 * Rössler, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, 311.
 * Rostrum, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, 208.
 * Royer, Madlle., mammals giving suck, 163.
 * Rudimentary organs, 11; origin of, 24.
 * Rudiments, presence of, in languages, 90.
 * Rudolphi, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, 192.
 * Ruff, supposed to be polygamous, 219; proportion of the sexes in the, 248; pugnacity of the, 361; double moult in, 390, 392; duration of dances of, 405; attraction of the, to bright objects, 413.
 * Ruminants, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, 53, 562; generally polygamous, 217; suborbital pits of, 529; sexual differences of colour in, 535.
 * Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, 395.
 * Rüppell, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, 514.
 * Russia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 215, 243.
 * Ruticilla, 462.
 * Rütimeyer, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, 54; on the sexual differences of monkeys, 561.
 * Rutlandshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, 242.


 * Sachs, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, 222.
 * Sacrifices, human, 144.
 * Sagittal crest in male apes and Australians, 558.
 * Sahara, fertility of mixed races in, 171; birds of the, 456; animal inhabitants of the, 489.
 * Sailors, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, 31; long-sighted, 33.