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 552 APPENDIX lists of Hungarian words which are clearly Turkish or clearly Finnic, leaving out all the unconvincing etymologies which the rival theorists serve up, it is difficult to avoid concluding that the primitive element is the Finnic. But the conclusion is far from certain ; and the wanderings of the Hungarians may suggest rather a people like the Patzinaks and Kumans, than like the Voguls and Finns.'' It seems most probable that the ^Magyars at one tin>e dweUed in Jugria, in the regions of the Irtish, where they were neighbours of tl^ Voguls. They migrated southward and in the beginning of the Uth centmy they had taken up their abode ^^-ithin the empire of the Chazars, and they amalgamated with themselves a Chazaric tribe called the Kabars (Const. Porph. c. 39), who became part of the Hungarian nation. These Kabars, according to Constantine, taught the Hun- garians the tongue of the Chazars. Hence the upholders of the Finnic origin of the Turks can explain the Turkish element in Hungaria by a known cause, the coalition of the Kabars. According to Constantine, the Hungarians abode onlj- three years in " Lchfdia near Chazaria ". This land of Lebedia was probably between the Don and the Dnieper ; and it is supposed that the date of their sojourn there was between a.d. 830 and 840. For it is in the reign of Theophilus, c. 837-39. that they first appear upon the horizon of the Eastern Empire (cp. George Mon. p. SIS, ed. Bonn, where they are called Oiryypoi. Ovvi'oi, and TovpKoi) ; and crossed the Danube. It cannot be determined whether the Hungarians when they made this expedition were living beyond the Dnieper in Lebedia, or had already left Lebedia and foimd a new home in the land between the Dnieper and Dniester. But it must have been about this time, a little before, or a little later, that the Patzinaks drove the Hungarians out" of Lebedia and the Hungarians established themselves in A.tel- kuzu, as they called the land between Dnieper and Danube, where they abode about half a century. Here they came under Slavonic influence ; and it was here, doubtless, that they adopted the Slavonic title vocvod {^oe^oSos, cp. above, p. I.'i8) for their chieftains. The same enemies, who had driven the Hungarians out of Lebedia, drove them again out of Atelkuzu. The Patzinaks were themselves subdued by a combined attack of the Khazars and the L'zes ; they crossed the Dnieper, dislodged the Hungarians, who were thus driven farther west ; and this was the cause of their settlement in the modern Hungary. The event happened fifty-five years before Constantine wrote c. 37 of his De Adniinistratione ; i.e., probably in a.d. 896 or 897 (cp. Appendix 4). The notice in Regino's Chronicle under the year 889 anticipates subsequent events.' It is to the Hungarians as they were when they lived in Atelkuzu, and not to the contemporary Hungarians who were already settled in their final home, that the description of Ibn Rusta (taken from some earlier writer) applies. He de- scribes their land as between the Patzinaks and the Esegel tribe of the Bulgarians (clearly a tribe north of the Danube, in Walachia or Bessarabia). Ibn Rusta further mentions two rivers in the land of the Hungarians, one of them greater than the Oxus. Probably the Dnieper and the Bug are meant.*' He sa^'s that Eende is the title of their king, but there is another dignitary whom all obey in matters connected with attack or defence, and he is entitled jiln. The kende clearly corresponds to the prince or apx'^v of Constantine Porphyrogennetos (c. 40) ; Arpad, for example, was a kende. Ihejila is also mentioned by Constantine, as ■* For the Finnic origin, P. Hunfalvy, Magyarorszag Ethnographiija, 1S76, and Die Ungern oder Magyaren, 18S1. For the Turkish, A Vambery. A Magyarok eredete, 1882. For the " Ugrian " or Finnic or " Ugro-Finnic " languages, see Budenz in the 4th vol. of Bezzenberger's Beitrage zur kunde der Indogermanischen Sprachen (Die Verzweigung der Ugrischen Sprachen). 5 On the chronology see E. Diimmler, Geschichte des Ostfriinkischen Reichs (ed. 2), iii. 438 s.qc]. — Count Geza Kuun in his Relationum Hungarorum — Hist,. tiquissima, vol. i. (1893) p. 136, departs entirely from the data of Constantine, and tries to establish, instead of a three years' sojourn in Lebedia and along (fifty years') sojourn in Atelkuzu, a long sojourn in Lebedia (up to a.d. 889) and a short (seven or eight years') sojourn in Atelkuzu. 6Cp. Kuun, op. cit. vol, i. p, 184.