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 524 APPENDIX quarrels between Boemund and Raymond, and has clearly ceased to regard Boemund as a disinterested leader. Xo written sources were used by the author of the Gestu except the Bible and Sibylline Oracles. [See the edition by H. Hagenmej-er, 1889, with full introduction, and exegetical notes.] TcDEBOD of Sivrai, who himself took part in the First Crusade, incorporated (before a.u. 1111) almost the whole of the Gesta in his Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere ; and it used to be thought that the Gesta was mereh' an abridged copy of his work. The true relation of the two works was shown by H. von Sybel. The Historia belli Sacri, an anonymous work, was compiled after a.d. 1131, from the Gesta and Tudebod. The works of Raymond of Agiles and Radulf of Caen were also used. [Ed. in the Recueil, iii. p. 169 sqq.' The Expeditio coxTBA TcRcos, c. 1094, is also for the most part an excerpt from the Gesta. Raymond of Agiles, in his Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Jerusalem, gives the histor}- of the First Crusade from the Provencal side. It has been shown by Hagenmeyer (Gesta Francorum, p. 50 sqq. ) that he made use of the Gesta ; and Sj'bel, who held that the two works were entirely independent, remarks on the harmony of the narratives. Raymond is impulsive and gushing, he is super- stitious in tlie most vulgar sense ; but his good faith is undoubted, and he repro- duces trul}' his impressions of events. In details he seems to be very accurate. (See the criticism of Sj-bel, Gesch. des ersten Kreuzzuges, ed. 2, p. 15 sqq. ; C. KHein, Raimund von Aguilers, 1892. ) FfLCHER of Chartres accompanied the host of Robert of Normandy and Stephen of Blois through Apulia and Bulgaria to Xicaea. At Marash he went off with Baldwin against Edessa, and for events in Edessa he is the only eye-witness among the western historians ; but from the moment when he begins to be of unique value for Edessa, he becomes of minor importance for the general course of the Crusade. After Godfrey's death he accompanied Baldwin, the new king, to Jerusalem, and remained at his court. His work, which seems to have been wTitten down as a sort of diar}-, from day to day or month to month, is of the highest importance for the kingdom of Jerusalem from the accession of Baldwin down to 1127 where it ends. Fulcher consulted the Gesta for the events of the First Crusade, of which he was not an eye-witness. (Cp. Sybel, op. cit. p. 46 sqq. Hagenmeyer, op. cit. p. 58 sqq. ) GuiBEBT (born a.d. 1153), of good family, became abbot of Nogent in 1104. In his Historia quae dicitur Gesta per Francos, he has thro^Ti the Gesta Francorum into a literary form and added a good deal from other sources. The histor}- of the First Crusade ceases with Bk. G, and in Bk. 7 he has cast together a variety of notices connected ■with the kingdom of Jerusalem up to 1104. He had been present at the Council of Clermont, he was personally acquainted with Count Robert of Flanders, from whom he derived some pieces of information, and he had various connexions throughout France which''were useful to him in the composition of his book. He is conscious of his own importance, and proud of his literary stvle ; he wi-ites with the air of a well-read dignitary of the Church. (Cp! Sybel, op. cit. p. 33-4.) Baldric, who became Archbishop of Dol in 1107, was of a ver' different character and temper from Guibert, and has been taken under the special pro- tection of S3-bel, who is pleased "to meet such a pure, peaceful, and cheerful nature in times so stern and warlike". Baldric was opposed to the fashionable asceticism ; he lived in literary retirement, enjoying his books and garden, taking as little a part as he could in the ecclesiastical strife which raged around, and exercising as mildl}- as possible his archiepiscopal powers. He died in 1130. His Historia Jerusalem, composed in 1108, is entirely founded on the Gesta, — the work, as he saj-s, of ncscio quis compilator (in the Prologue). See Sybel, op. cit. p. 35 sqq.