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 324 THE DECLINE AND FALL Expeditions by land : the first crusade, A.D. 1101; the second of Conrad in. and Louis vn. A.D. 1147; the third of Frederic I. A.D. 1189 were finally delivered by the death of an adversary whom neither oaths could bind nor dangers could appal nor prosperity could satiate. His children succeeded to the principality of Antioch ; but the boundaries were strictly defined, the homage Avas clearly stipulated, and the cities of Tarsus and Malmistra '^ were restored to the Byzantine emperors. Of the coast of Anatolia, they possessed the entire circuit from Trebizond to the Syrian gates. The Seljukian dynasty of Roum " was separated on all sides from the sea and their Musulman brethren ; the power of the sultans was shaken by the victories, and even the defeats, of the Franks ; and after the loss of Nice they removed their throne to Cogni or Iconium, an obscure and inland town above three hundi-ed miles from Constantinople.^ Instead of trembling for their capital, the Comnenian princes waged an offensive war against the Turks, and the first crusade prevented the fall of the de- clining empire. In the twelfth centuiy, three great emigrations marched by land from the West to the relief of Palestine. The soldiers and pilgrims of Lombai'dy, France, and Germany were excited by the example and success of the first crusade.'' Forty-eight years after the deliverance of the holy sepulchre, the emperor and the French king, Conrad the Third and Louis the Seventh, undertook the second crusade to support the falling fortunes of the Latins. ^*^ A grand division of the third crusade was led s [Mopsuestia, corrupted to Mampsista, Mansista, Mamista (Anna Comnena), whence Mamistra, Malmistra. In Turkish the form has become ultimately Missis ; in Arabic it is al-MassIsa.] ''See in the learned work of M. de Guignes (tom. ii. part ii.) the history of the Seljukians of Iconium, Aleppo, and Damascus, as far as it may be collected from the Greeks, Latins, and Arabians. The last are ignorant or regardless of the affairs of Rouin. 8 Iconium is mentioned as a station by Xenophon, and by Strabo [xii. 6, section i] with the ambiguous title of Km^ottoAi? (Cellarius, tom. ii.-p. 121). Yet St. Paul found in that place a multitude (■n-A^Oo';) of Jews and Gentiles. Under the corrupt name of Kunijah, it is described as a great city, with a river and gardens, three leagues from the mountains, and decorated (1 know not why) with Plato's tomb (Abulfeda, tabul. xvii. p. 303, vers. Reiske ; and the Inde.x Geographicusof Schultens from Ibn Said). [It is Soatra, not Iconium, that Strabo describes as Ktu/.id7roAis in the passage to which Cellarius refers.] 9 For this supplement to the first crusade, see Anna Comnena (Alexias, 1. xi. p. 331 [c. 8], &c.) and the viiith book of Albert Aquensis [and Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, in Recueil, Hist. Occ. vol. v.]. 1" For the second crusade of Conrad III. and Louis VII. see William of Tyre (1. xvi. c. 18-29), Otho of Frisingen (1. i. c. 34-45, 59, 60), Matthew Paris (Hist. Major, p. 68), Struvius (Corpus Hist. Germanics, p. 372, 373), Scriptores Rerum Francicarum a Duchesne, tom. iv. ; Nicetas, in Vit. Manuel. 1. i. c. 4, 5, 6, p. 41-48; Cinnamus, 1. ii. p. 41-49 [p. 73 sqq., ed. Bonn]. [Among the western