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 APPENDIX 507 4. Caesarius. — In the allegory Typhos is in close alliance with the barbarian mercenaries, and instigates their attack on Thebes in order to overthrow his brother Osiris. "Wlien Osiris surrenders himself to the barbarian leader, Typhos urges that he should be put to death. T>-phos then receives the kingdom and administers it tjTannicall}' ; nor is his position shaken by the fall of the barbarian leader. Before the first rise of Osiris to power ^ he had filled a post which gave him patronage in distributing offices, the power of oppressing towns (p. 1217), and the duty of regulating measures in connexion with the payment of taxes in kind (p. 1219). These hints taken along with the mention (ib. ) of torch-bearing attendants show that the office was no less than that of Praetorian Prefect. It follows that Ty})hos was Praetorian Prefect before 399, and again in 400. Eutropius had endeavoured to reduce the power of Praetorian Prefect of the East by making it a coUegial office ; and Eutychianus appears as holding that office (1) along with Caesarius while Eutropius was in power; (2) along with AureUan, 399-400 ; (3) along with Aurelian when he was restored 402. It may be assumed that he also held it between 400 and 402. It follows that Caesarius, whom we find Praetorian Prefect from 396-398, and again in 400 and 401, was the prototype of Typhos, the son of Taurus and the brother of Aurelian. Some other points confirm the conclusion. The tendency to Arianism, of which Typhos is accused, is illustrated by C. Th. 16, 5, 25, and the passion of Typhos for his wife by a notice in Sozomen, 9, 2. The great political object of Aurelian was to break the power of the Germans in the army and at the court — the policy for which Synesius pleaded in his De regno. The question arises : "N^Tiat was the attitude of the Empress Eudoxia to this policy ? The faU of Eutropius which she brought about (Phil. 11, 6) led to the rise of Aurelian, and when Aurelian fell, her intimate friend — scandal said, her lover — Count John, fell with him.- Further, Seeck makes it probable that the second Praetorian Prefecture of Aurelian ended, and Anthemius succeeded to that post, about end of 404 ; and it was on 6th October, 404, that the Empress died. "We are thus led to infer a close political union between Eudoxia and Aurelian ; and, if the inference is right, it is noteworthy that the Empress of German origin, the daughter of the Frank Bauto, should have allied herself with a statesman whose policy was anti-German. 28. THE BATTLE OF aiAUIlICA, COJtMONLY CALLED THE BATTLE OF CHALONS— (P- 462) The scene of the battle by which the invasion of Attila was checked has been the subject of some perplexity. The statements which have to be considered are the following ; 1. Idatius : in campis Catalaunicis baud longe de civitate quam effregerant Mettis. 2. An insertion in the test of Prosper, found in the Codex Havniensis, and doubtless representing an entry in the Chronica Italica. Mommsen, Chron. ]Min., i., p. 302 and 481 : pygnatimi est in quinto milliario de Ti-ecas, loco num- cupato Maurica in Campania. 3. Chron. a.d. 511 (see above, App. 1), Mommsen, Chron. Min. i., p. 663: Tricassis pugnat loco Mauriacos. 4a. Jordanes c. 36 : convenitur itaque in campos Catalaunicos, qui et Mauriaci nominantur, centimi leuvas ut Galli vocant in longum tenentes et septuaginta in latum. (A gallic leuva or league = 1 J Roman miles). 4b. Gregory of Tours, 2, 7 : Mauriacum campimi adiens se praecingit ad bellum [Attila]. The accounts of the episode in Jordanes and Gregory are not independent ; cp. Mommsen, Pref. to Jordanes, p. xxxvi. The traditional view that the battle was fought near Duro-Catalaunum or Chalons on Mame is not borne out by the data. That town is not mentioned, 1 He also held a financial post : — Seeck conjectures that of a rationale of a diocese. _ 2 Further ; Castricia, wife of Saturninus, who was banished with Aurelian, had influence with Eudoxia, as we know from Palladius, Life of Chrysostom.