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82 be considered neutral by both parties; the fire of the citadel was to be directed only to the open plain to the southeast, and the approaches of the besiegers were to be only from that direction. It was a novel spectacle—peace reigning all around, the city neutralized, and the attack and defence limited to one side of the fort. It seemed more a trial of military skill than an instance of actual warfare. Operations began on the 30th November. On that day the following letters passed between the commanders:

To General Chassé. Sir.—It is you that fired the first shot on my soldiers, hence do not talk any longer about negotiations. Surrender, I say again, in the name of humanity, and all will be well. . Head-quarters at Bouhem.

To Marshal Gérard. Sir.—The fault is with you. I shall fight for the city, and it will be safe as long as you will not force me. Citadel at Antwerp.

On the receipt of General Chassé's letter Marshal Gérard began in dead earnest. The trenches were opened and continued night and day amidst torrents of rain. Soon the French had one hundred and four guns in position, throwing solid shot and shell into the citadel. On the 4th of December all the batteries began playing upon the fortress with a steady, well-directed fire, which was maintained for nineteen days without cessation. The return fire was slow at first, but better in time and admirably directed. Of course, no vessels or boats could pass either up or down the river; a few that tried it were fired upon and taught to keep aloof. All communication between citadel and city was cut off, and the garrison was thus left unsupported.