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states against, 108, 120. Congress may subdue, 130, 132, 339, 378, 379, 437, 467, 497, 535, 561. To be guarded against by the Constitution, 209, 333, 381, 564.

INTERCEPTED LETTER of Marbois, 16.

INTEREST on the public debt to be provided for, 39, 83, 462. Amount of, in 1783, 39.

INTERFERENCE of Congress with the police of the states, 320, 462.

INVASION, to be guarded against, 126, 127, 333, 379, 381, 407, 497, 561, 564. Habeas corpus may be suspended during, 131, 484, 561. States may defend themselves against, 131.

IRON, 89.

IZARD, RALPH, represents South Carolina in Congress, 1. Advocates a reduction of salaries of the ministers, 5. Against disbanding army, 90. Remarks on the conduct of the executive of Pennsylvania, relative to the mutinous conduct of the troops, 92, 93.

JACKSON, WILLIAM, elected secretary of the Convention, 124.

JAY, JOHN, spoken of as secretary of foreign affairs, 9. Sends an intercepted letter of Marbois, 16, 17. Distrusts the French ministers, 16, 17, 18, 65. His conduct towards France during the negotiations discussed, 65, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74. Amount borrowed by, in Spain, 82. Reports on the operation of treaties on the states of the Confederation, 98. Negotiations with Gardoqui as secretary of foreign affairs, 102, 103. Approves of the Federal Constitution, 570. Forged letter in regard to, 570.

JEALOUSY of the states towards each other, 127.

JEFFERSON, THOMAS; Mr. Madison writes to him on public affairs, 107, 568. Appointed minister to negotiate peace, 4. Spoken of as secretary of foreign affairs, 9, 91. His departure suspended by Congress, 50. Proposal to send him to Madrid, relative to the Mississippi, 102, 103. Receives from Mr. Madison his plan of a national government, 120. His opinions on the Federal Constitution, 573.

JENIFER, DANIEL OF ST. THOMAS, attends the Federal Convention, 144. Proposes triennial elections of representatives, 183. In favor of ineligibility of representatives to office, 232. Desires a provision for regulating trade between the states, 503. Signs the Constitution, 565.

JOHNSON, DR. WILLIAM S., attends the Federal Convention, 144. Does not wish the sovereignty of the states to be destroyed by the Constitution, 220, 240. Advocates a representation of the states in one branch, and the people in the other, 255. Thinks population the true rule of wealth and of representation, and that blacks as well as whites should be considered in it, 303. Thinks there can be no treason against an individual state, 448, 449. Thinks a prohibition as to attainders and ex post facto laws unnecessary, 463. Objects to the provision for the ratification of treaties by law, 470. Thinks controversies between the states should be left to the judiciary, 471. Considers the debts of the Confederation equally binding under the Constitution, 476. Proposes that the judiciary shall embrace cases in equity, 481. Desires to exclude Vermont from the proposed conditions in regard to the admission of new states, 495. Views on the provision for giving effect to legislative and judicial proceedings of the states, 504. Signs the Constitution, 564.

JONES, PAUL, 10.

JONES, WALTER, appointed a delegate to the Convention at Annapolis, 113.

JOURNAL, to be kept by both Houses of Congress, 130, 378, 407, 408, 560. To be published except on secret occasions, 130, 378, 407, 409, 560. Dissent of senators to be entered on it, 407.

JUDGES, to be appointed by the legislature, 128, 155, 188, 376, 380. Their tenure during good behavior, 128, 131, 192, 205, 330, 376, 380, 481, 563. Their salaries, 128, 131, 156, 199, 330, 376, 380, 482, 563. The increase or diminution of their salary, 128, 156, 192, 330, 376, 379, 482. To be appointed by the Senate, 131, 156, 190, 328, 348, 376, 379, 467, 469. Ought not to be appointed by the people, 137. To be appointed by the President, 155, 192, 350. To be appointed by the President and Senate, 205, 328, 348, 507, 524, 562. Not to hold any other office, 192. Property qualification of, 371. To give opinions to the President and Congress, 445. Impeachment of, 447, 462.

JUDGMENT, extent of, in cases of impeachment, 381, 529, 559. Effect of those of one state in another, 488, 504, 563.

JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS, the states to give faith to those of each other, 132, 381, 488, 504, 563.

JUDICIARY, to form one of the supreme powers of the government, 128, 129, 132, 375, 377, 382. To consist of supreme and inferior tribunals, 128, 155, 190, 376, 380, 563. To be constituted by the legislature, 128, 155, 190, 376, 378, 380, 436, 561. To be appointed by the President, 155, 192, 328, 350. To be appointed by the Senate, 131, 156, 190, 328, 348, 376, 469. To be nominated by the Senate, subject to the approval of the President, 350. To be appointed by the President and Senate, 205, 328, 330, 348, 507, 524, 562. Tenure of their offices during good behavior, 128, 131, 190, 192, 330, 369, 376, 380, 481, 563. Their compensation, 128, 131, 156, 190, 192, 330, 376, 380, 482, 563. The increase or diminution of their compensation, 128, 156, 190, 192, 336, 376, 380, 482, 563. The supreme tribunal to hear cases in the dernier resort, 128, 205, 380. Its jurisdiction, 128, 187, 188, 190, 192, 332, 376, 380, 482, 563. To embrace courts of admiralty, 131, 380, 563. Ought to be limited to cases brought by appeal from state courts, 159. To possess only appellate jurisdiction from the state courts, 192. To embrace courts of equity, 131, 481, 563. To extend to controversies between the states, 471, 482, 561. To constitute, with the executive, a council of revision, 123, 151, 155, 164, 344, 428. Objections to its having a right to revise legislative acts, 165. How far it should possess legislative functions, 347. The danger of allowing them to declare the laws void, 429. Inferior tribunals may be constituted by Congress, 130, 131, 159, 100, 331, 376, 378, 380, 561. To be bound by acts of Congress and treaties, 131, 322, 379, 483. Ought not to be chosen immediately by the people, 137. Objections to the national judiciary, 155, 158. Protection of it against encroachment of the other branches, 344. Property qualification of, 371, 403. That of the states to adjudge on offences under the Constitution, 192, 331.

JUNCTION, of two or more states to be provided for, 128, 157, 182, 190, 381, 496.

JURISDICTION, of judiciary, 128, 187, 188, 192, 205 331, 376, 380, 446, 462, 481, 483, 484, 535, 563. Of the Supreme Court, 131, 376, 380, 563. That of the national judiciary to be merely appellate from the state courts, 192. Of Congress in arsenals, dock-yards, and fortifications, 130, 511, 561. Of Congress, at the seat of government, 130, 374, 511, 561. Controversies about, between the slates, 131, 379. Over controversies between the states, 131, 379, 471, 482, 561. Over controversies in regard to territory and public lands, 471, 493, 497. Of the state courts to extend to cases under the Constitution, 192.

JURY, cases to be tried by, 381, 484, 550, 563.

JUSTICE, (see ,) fugitives from, 381, 487, 563.