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24 and also guesses, from their manner of approach, whether certain aims bave peaceful and agreeable intentious. The beginnings of justice as also of prudence, modera-tion, valour—in short, all on so-called Socratic virtues are animalism; an outcome of these propensities, which teach us to look for food and to flee from our enemies. If we consider that even the most perfect in has only raised and refined himself with regard to his dict and the conception of all that is hostile to him, it may not be out of place to denote the whole of our moral phenomena as animalism.

The value of the belief in superhuman passions.—The institution of matrimony persistently keeps up the belief, that love, though a passion, yet as such is capable of duration, nay, that the lasting, lifelong love may he constituted a general rule. Through this tenacity of a noble belief and despite the fact that, very frequently and early always, it has been refuted, being thus but a pious fraud, love has acquired a higher and nobler rank. All institutions which concede to a passion the belief in its own duration and a responsi-bility for this duration, in contradiction to the nature of passion, have raised it to a higher level : and he who is actually seized with such a passion, does not, as formerly, think himself degraded or endangered by it, but raised in the estimation both of himself and his