Page:Darwinism by Alfred Wallace 1889.djvu/508

 Edwards, Mr. W.H., on dark forms of Papilio turnus, 248

Eggs protectively coloured, 214, 215

theory of varied colours of, 216

Elaps mimicked by harmless snakes, 261

Embryonic development of man and other mammalia, 448

Ennis, Mr. John, on willows driving out watercresses from rivers of New Zealand, 24

Entomostraca, in bromelia leaves, 118

Environment never identical for two species, 149

direct action of, 418

direct influence of, 426

as initiator of variations, 436

action of, overpowered by natural selection, 437

Ethical aspect of the struggle for existence, 36

Euchelia jacobeæ inedible, 235

Everett, Mr. A., on a caterpillar resembling moss, 205

Evidence of evolution that may be expected among fossil forms, 380

Evolutionists, American school of, 420

Exogens, possible cause of sudden late appearance of, 400

External differences of man and apes, 453

Extinct animals, number of species of, 376

Extinction of large animals, cause of, 394

Eye, origin of, 130

Eyes, explanation of loss of in cave animals, 416

F

Facts of natural selection, summary of, 122

Falcons illustrating divergence, 108

and butcher birds, hooked and toothed beaks of, 422

Fantails, 91

Female birds, why often dull coloured, 277

Female birds, what their choice of mates is determined by, 286

butterflies, why dull coloured, 272

brighter than male bird, 281

choice a doubtful agent in selection, 283

preference neutralised by natural selection, 294

Fertility of domestic animals, 154

Flatfish, eyes of, 129

Flesh-fly, enormous increase of, 25

Floral structure, great differences of, in allied genera and species, 329

Flowers, variations of, 88

colours of, 308

with sham nectaries, 317

changing colour when fertilised, 317

adapted to bees or to butterflies, 318

contrasted colours of, at same season and locality, 318

fertilisation of, by birds, 319

self-fertilisation of, 321

once insect-fertilised now self-fertile, 323

how the struggle for existence acts among, 328

repeatedly modified during whole Tertiary period, 331

the product of insect agency, 332

Forbes, Mr. H.O., on protective colour of a pigeon, 200

on spider imitating birds' dropping, 211

Fossil shells, complete series of transitional forms of, 381

crocodiles afford evidence of evolution, 383

horses in America, 386

and living animals, local relations of, 391

Fowl, early domestication of, 97

Frill-back, Indian, 93

Frog inhabiting bromelia leaves, 118

Fruits, use of characters of, 133

colours of, 304

edible or attractive, 306

poisonous, 307

Fulica atra, protectively coloured eggs of, 215

Fulmar petrel, abundance of, 30