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 reversing his direction; the dates on which he passes the midway point are the "equinoxes," because at those points he is on the equator, and makes day and night equal all over the earth.

The time taken by the sun to pass from one vernal (spring) equinox to another is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds. Since this slow motion along the zodiac is from west to east, contrary to the rapid east to west motion which he shares with all the stars, he takes a little longer to complete a daily revolution than they do; and if we reckon a solar day as consisting of 24 hours, a "sidereal" (or star) day is equal to 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds.

These are very elementary facts, but they are the fundamental facts of astronomy, and without recollecting and holding them clearly in mind we cannot understand Dante's allusions, nor see the fitness of any astronomical system, ancient or modern. To those who have only read about astronomy in books, and have not watched the skies, they may be puzzling, and I would beg these readers to make a few simple observations for themselves, as this will help them more than any written explanation can ever do to see the heavens with Dante's eyes. To appreciate the connected movement of the whole sky, some bright stars near the Pole should first be watched, such as the Great Bear and Cassiopeia, or for those in the southern hemisphere the Southern Cross, Canopus, Achernar. Their motions should be compared with those of bright stars near the equator, such as Orion, Virgo, or Aquila. The constellations of the zodiac should be studied, and notes made of the seasons at which each disappears in the rays of the sun.

The sun's north and south movements can be easily