Page:Cyclopedia of painters and paintings (IA cyclopediaofpain04cham).pdf/326

 Nordstemmen; Reception of Henry the Lion by Sultan of Iconium.

TURA, COSIMO (Cosmé or Gosmé), born in Ferrara between 1420 and 1430, died between 1494 and 1498. Lombard school. Passed the greater part of his life in the service of the Duke of Ferrara, who made him his court painter in 1458. Vasari calls him the pupil of Galasso, who worked with him at the ducal seat of Belriguado, where Tura decorated a chapel in 1471. Previously he had furnished patterns for tapestry, and worked in the ducal studio (1457). His works of 1456 and 1468 have disappeared, but the doors of the organ (1469), representing the Annunciation, and St. George and the Dragon, now hang in the choir of the Duomo, Ferrara. Other works by Tura are SS. Jerome and Girolamo, Costabili Collection, Ferrara; Pietà, Correr Museum, Venice; Entombment, Madonna Enthroned, St. Jerome, The Virgin in Prayer, National Gallery, London; and a Madonna with Saints, Berlin Museum, which exhibits all the marked peculiarities of his style, such as extreme length of limb, violent contrasts of colour, sharp and angular drapery folds, and eccentric ornament. Tura recalls Mantegna and Piero della Francesca in his use of perspective, his treatment of architecture, and his extravagance of gesture, but he has neither the refined elegance and passion of the first nor the delicate quaintness of the second. He was an accomplished, vigorous, and painstaking artist, but he had a taste for ugliness which displays itself in forms and features.—Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii. 42; ed. Mil., ii. 143; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 516; Cittadella, Ricordi, etc., Vita di Cosimo di Tura (Ferrara, 1869).

TURCHI, ALESSANDRO, born in Verona in 1582, died in Rome in 1650. Venetian school. Commonly called L'Orbetto, because when a child he had served as guide to a blind man; or, as some say, because he was blind of one eye. Also called Alessandro Veronese. Pupil in Verona of Brusasorci the younger, afterwards in Venice of Carletto Cagliari. Later he visited Rome, where by studying the great masters he formed a mixed style, combining Roman design with Venetian colouring. Often compared by his contemporaries to Annibale Carracci, but inferior to him. Most of his pictures are small; some painted on marble and highly finished, equal care being bestowed on all the figures. Works: Death of Cleopatra, Deluge, Samson and Delilah, Woman taken in Adultery, and Marriage of St. Catherine, Louvre; Nativity, Simeon in the Temple, Venus finding Adonis Dead, do. with Body of Adonis in her Lap, Judgment of Paris, four others, Dresden Gallery; Death of Portia, Leipsic Museum; Forty Martyrs, S. Stefano, Venice; Dead Christ, La Misericordia, Venice; Madonna della Neve, Magdalen Reclining, Brera, Milan; Madonna and St. Joseph, S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Rome; Magdalen, Salome, Madrid Museum; Christ bearing the Cross, Bacchus and Ariadne, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Samson and Delilah, Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Cupid, Stuttgart Museum; Christ in Purgatory, Entombment, Adoration of the Shepherds, Descent from the Cross, Vienna Museum.—Ch. Blanc, École vénitienne; Bernasconi, Studii, 363.

TURNER, CHARLES YARDLEY, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 25, 1850. Figure painter, pupil of National Academy and Art Students' League, New York; later studied under Laurens, Munkácsy, and Bonnat in Paris. First exhibited at National Academy in 1882; elected an A.N.A. in 1884. Studio