Page:Cyclopedia of painters and paintings (IA cyclopediaofpain03cham).pdf/502

 Cicero (Orat. 2) and by Strabo (xiv. p. 652), but when Pliny wrote it was in the Temple of Peace at Rome, where it was destroyed by fire ( 191). At Athens, Protogenes painted on the walls of the Propylæa the picture of Paralus and Ammonias, called by some the Nausicaa (Pliny, l. c.), and in the Senate House of the Five Hundred another picture of the Thesmothetæ (Paus., i. 3, 4). Other works of his, noted by Pliny, were a Cydippe; a Tlepolemus; an Athlete; portraits of Philiscus, the tragic poet, of King Antigonus, and of the mother of Aristotle; and a picture of Alexander and Pan. His pictures were comparatively few, on account of the labour and minute care bestowed upon them.—Brunn, ii. 233.

PROUT, SAMUEL, born at Plymouth, England, Sept. 17, 1783, died at Camberwell, Feb. 10, 1852. Landscape painter, water-colours; went to London about 1805, and painted rustic scenery and sea-pieces. About 1818 he began a series of artistic tours on the Continent, from which resulted many views on the Rhine, in the Alps, etc., especially architectural drawings, in which he preserved the picturesque beauties of many old cities. He was one of the oldest members of the Society of Painters in Water-Colours.—Ottley; Art Journal (1849), 76; (1852), 388, 291; (1857), 337; Ruskin, Notes on S. Prout and Wm. Hunt (London, 1879).

PRUDENCE, FORTITUDE, AND TEMPERANCE, also called The Three Virtues. Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican, fresco, in arch above window. The three handmaids of Justice: in centre, Prudence, Janus-faced, to whom one genius presents a mirror while another holds a torch; on left, Fortitude, an armed woman sitting, with a branch of oak in her hand and a lion by her side; on right, Temperance, holding a bridle. Painted in 1511. Engraved by R. Morghen, and others.—Müntz, 311, 344; Passavant, ii. 86; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 337; Ch. Blanc, École ombrienne; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 430.

PRUD'HON, PIERRE (PAUL), born at Cluny (Saône-et-Loire), April 4, 1758, died in Paris, Feb. 16, 1823. History and portrait painter. Son of a mason, who owed his education to the monks of the monastery at Cluny, where the pictures developed in him a love of art at a very early age. Seeing this, the Bishop of Macon placed him under the care of Desvoges, director of the school of painting at Dijon, with whom he remained until 1780, when he entered the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. Two years later he won the grand prix de Rome, and in that city passed seven years, became intimate with Canova and contracted a feeling for the antique which influenced his style. After his return to Paris in 1789 he was long obliged to support himself by designing vignettes, address cards, etc., nor was it until 1794 that he became able to devote himself to work of a higher character. In 1794-98 he stood at the height of his reputation and produced his best pictures. About this time he obtained a separation from his wife, who had long rendered his life miserable, and formed a liaison with Constance Mayer, whose sympathetic companionship brightened the remainder of his days. While in such ambitious attempts as his Justice and Vengeance pursuing Crime, at the Louvre (1804-08), Prud'hon is mannered and melodramatic, he is altogether charming in his representations of children. The classic spirit shown in his Demeter in the House of Neæra, though genuine, is not free from exaggeration. Despite a prevailing monotony of type in his faces, and the use of imperfect mediums which have caused many of his