Page:Cyclopedia of painters and paintings (IA cyclopediaofpain03cham).pdf/459

 *graved by Paradisi.—Smith, ii. 149; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. Pl. 84.

PHILOSOPHY, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican; fresco, medallion of ceiling. Female figure seated on a marble throne-chair; symbolical representations of the four elements are woven into her dress, and on her knees are books entitled "Naturalis et Moralis;" two genii stand by, holding inscribed tablets. Painted in 1512; probably entirely by Raphael.—Engraved by B. Audran; R. Morghen; and others.—Passavant, ii. 88; Müntz, 311, 316, 350.

By Raphael (fresco). See School of Athens.

PHILOXENUS, painter, of Eretria, pupil of Nicomachus, probably about 330 B.C. He painted for King Cassander a picture of one of the battles between Alexander and Darius, which, says Pliny (xxxv. 36 [110]), was inferior to none. A grotesque picture representing three Sileni at their revels was also his work.

PHRYLUS, painter. See Erillus.

PHRYNE GOING TO THE BATH AS VENUS, Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London; canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. × 5 ft. 5 in. An extensive landscape, with baths in middle distance, and a crowd of figures in foreground; among them, on right, Phryne as Venus in her chariot; on left foreground, Demosthenes taunted by Æschines. Royal Academy, 1838; Turner Collection. Engraved by J. B. Allen.—Hamerton, Life; Cat. Nat. Gal.

PHRYNE BEFORE THE TRIBUNAL, Jean Léon Gérôme, Paris; canvas. Phryne, accused by Euthias of a capital crime, was defended by one of her lovers, the orator Hyperides. When his eloquence failed to move the judges, he bade her unveil her charms and thus secured her acquittal. Salon, 1861. Engraved by Flameng.—Gaz. des B. Arts (1861), x. 266.

PIAZZA, CALLISTO, born at Lodi, died there in 1561 (?). Venetian school; history painter, son and pupil of Martino Piazza (died in 1527), and one of the most successful followers of Titian, although he imitated Giorgione also, and afterwards studied at Brescia under Romanino; settled at Lodi about 1529, and in 1539 went to Spain and painted in the Escorial, and thence to Lisbon, where he was the recipient of great honours. His earlier works are distinguished for grand conception and powerful colouring, but in his latter years he became flat and mannered. His masterpiece is an Assumption (1533), in the parish church at Codogno, said to be worthy of the ablest disciple of that school. Other works: Visitation of Mary (1521), S. Maria in Calchera, Brescia; Nativity (1524), S. Clemente, ib.; Daughter of Herodias (1526), Vienna Museum; Massacre of the Innocents, Cathedral, Lodi; Beheading of (1530), and four other Episodes in Life of St. John, Pietà (1538), Mysteries of the Passion, Life of the Virgin, S. Maria Incoronata, ib.; Madonna Enthroned, St. Stephen crowned by Angels, Marriage at Cana (1545), Brera, Milan. His brothers Cesare and Scipione were also painters. A Madonna (ascribed to Cesare da Sesto) is in the Turin Gallery.—C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 432; Kunstbl. (1838), No. 75; Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 188; Lübke, Gesch. ital. Mal., ii. 622; Nagler, xi. 252.

PIAZZETTA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born in Venice in 1682, died there, April 28, 1754. Venetian school; pupil of Antonio Molinari, a mediocre painter; afterwards studied the works of Guercino and adopted his system of chiaroscuro and bold relief. Among the last of the Venetian painters of any note. Among his best works are: Glory of St. Dominick, in SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice; and the Decollation of St. John, Santo, Padua. Most of his works have been engraved.—Ch. Blanc, École vénitienne, Appendice, 48; Burckhardt, 799.

PICHON, PIERRE AUGUSTE, born at Sorèze (Tarn), Dec. 6, 1805. History and portrait painter, pupil of Ingres. Medals: 3d class, 1843; 2d class, 1844; 1st class,