Page:Cyclopedia of painters and paintings (IA cyclopediaofpain03cham).pdf/447

 Delaunay in Musée français.—Filhol, ix. Pl. 615; Kugler (Crowe), 324; Villot, Cat. Louvre.

PETER, ST., HISTORY OF, See Masaccio.

Martyrdom of St. Peter, Filippino Lippi, Brancacci Chapel, Carmine, Florence.

PETER, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Sebastien Bourdon, Louvre; canvas, H. 11 ft. 10 in. × 8 ft. 6 in. St. Peter is fastened head downwards to the cross, which is held by one executioner, at right, while a second one, at left, pulls it with a rope; in front, at right, a woman, seen from behind and half-length, holds an infant in her arms; in background, the statue of a pagan divinity; above, an angel with a torch, and another with the palm and crown of martyrdom. Given in 1643 by the merchant jewellers of Paris to the chapter of Notre Dame; later in Musée Napoleon. Engraved by Nicolas Tardieu.

By Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Six soldiers raise the cross, to which the Saint is nailed with his head downwards, while an old man leaning on a staff looks at them. Probably from S. M. del Popolo, Rome. Altarpiece, formerly in the Giustiniani and Montmorency collections. Bought for Hermitage in 1808.—Meyer, Künst. Lex., i. 621.

By Anton van Dyck, Brussels Museum; canvas, H. 6 ft. × 3 ft. 6 in. The Apostle, bound head downwards to the cross, which two executioners and a soldier in armour are trying to raise upright. Head of St. Peter engraved by Calamatta (1851).—Smith, ii. 14.

By Guercino, Modena Gallery; canvas. St. Peter and executioners fastening him to a cross, which lies on the ground; above, an angel points out to him the celestial regions, and two others hold the crown of martyrdom. Painted in 1618, by order of Orazio Cabassi, for S. Bernardino, Carpi. One of the best works in his first manner. Carried to Paris in 1796; returned in 1815. Engraved (outline) by C. Normand.—Landon, Musée, ii. Pl. 36.

By Guido Reni, Vatican, Rome; wood, H. 9 ft. 6 in. × 5 ft. St. Peter is being fastened to the cross, head downwards, by two executioners. First manner, in style of Caravaggio. First placed, by order of Clement XIII., in palace of Monte Cavallo; afterwards in Vatican; carried to Paris in 1796; returned in 1815. Copies in mosaic in St. Peter's, and at S. M. del Popolo, Rome. One of Guido's best works; said to have been so much admired that it procured him the commission for the Aurora, in the Palazzo Rospigliosi.—Landon, Musée, vii. Pl. 51; Lavice, 314.

By Filippino Lippi, Brancacci Chapel, Carmine, Florence. One of the series of the history of St. Peter, begun by Masaccio, and formerly attributed entirely to him, but