Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/998

 WAR

As to the Materials of Walls for Fruit-Trees, Brick, „. cording to Mr. Switzer, is the belt ; as being the warmeft, and kindeft for the ripening of Fruit, and affording the bell conveniency for nailing.

Mr. Lawrence, however, affirms, on his own Experience, that Mud-Walls, made of Earth and Straw temper'd toge- ther, are better for the ripening of Fruit than either Brick or Stone Walls : He adds, that the Coping of Straw laid on fuch Walls, is of great advantage to the Fruit, in fllelter- ing 'em from perpendicular Rains, &c.

M. Fatio, in a particular Treatife on the Subjea, inftead o! the common perpendicular Walls, propofes to have the Walls built Hoping, or reclining from the Sun ; that what is planted againft 'em may lie more expos 'd to his perpendi- cular Rays ; which mull contribute greatly to the ripening of Fruit in our cold Climate.

The Angle of Reclination is to be that of the Latitude of the Place ; that when the Sun is in the Meridian at the Equinoxes, his Rays-may ftrike juft perpendicularly. See Heat.

Tet fome others prefer perpendicular Walls, and even in- clining ones, orfuch as hang forwards to the Sun ; as fuch receive the Sun's Rays perpendicularly when he is low ; as in Spring and Autumn, or in the Evening and Morning : which they imagine of more fervice than the greateft Heats of the Sun at Midfummer, upon reclining Walls.

Add, that in Autumn the Sun is moil wanted to ripen Winter Pears ; in order to which, they fhould be kept dry ; which againft Hoping Walls cannot be ; the Dews, ($c. ly- ing much longer thereon, than on thole that are perpendi- cular.

One great advantage, however, of M. Fatio's Hoping Walls, is, that Fruit-Trees, as Vines, £?c. being planted againlt 'em, Melon Glaffes may be fet on the Fruit ; which will much forward its ripening.

Sea- Walls, See Watergage.

WALOON, or Walloon, a kind of old French ; being the Language fpoke by the Walloons, or the Inhabitants of a considerable Part of the Spanijh Low-Countries, viz. thofe of Artois, Hainault, Namtir, Luxemburg, and part of Flan- ders, and Brabant.

The Walloon is held to be the Language of the antient Gauls. See Gaulish.

The Romans having fubdu'd feveral Provinces in Gaul, eftablifh'd Prators or Proconfuls, He. to adminifter Juftice in the Latin Tongue. — On this Occafion, the Natives were brought to apply themfelves to learn the Language of the Conquerors; and thus introdue'd abundance of the Roman Words and Phrafes into their own Tongue.

Of this Mixture of Gaulijb and Latin was form'd a new Language, call'd Raman ; in contradiftinction to the antient unadulterated GanliJJi, which was called Wallon, or Walloon. .JThis Diftinction is kept up to this Day ; for the Inhabi- tants of feveral of the Low-Country Provinces, fay, that in France they fpeak Roman ; whereas they fpeak the Waloon, which comes much nearer the Simplicity of the antient Gau- lifll. See Roman, and French.

WANLASS, in Hunting. — Driving the Wanlafs, is the driving of Deer to a Hand. See Hunting.

WAPENTAKE, or Weapentake, a Divilion of cer- tain Counties, particularly Nottingham, and thofe beyond the Trent ; anfwering to what in other Places is call'd a Hun- dred, or Cantred. See Hundred.

Authors differ as to the Origin of the Word. — Hoveden brings it from the Saxon Weapen, and teaken, to take ; by reafon the Tenants antiently deliver'd their Arms to every new Lord, as a Token of their Homage.

Sir Thomas Smith gives a different Account. He fays,

that antiently Mufters were taken of the Armour and Wea- pons of the feveral Inhabitants of every Wapentake ; and that from fuch as could not find fufficient Pledges for their good abearing, their Weapons were taken away, and deli- ver'd to others.

Others fuppofe the Word of Daniflo Original ; and give a different account of its Rife, viz. That when firft'the Kingdom was divided into Wapentakes ; he who was the Chief of the Divilion, and whom we now call High-Confia- ble, as foon as he enter'd upon his Office, appear'd in the Field, on a certain Day, on Horfe-back, with a Pike in his Hand, and all the chief Men of the Hundred met him with their Lances ; who alighting, touch'd his Pike with their Lances, as a Signal they were firmly united to each other, by the touching their Weapons : The Saxon Weapen Signify- ing Weapon, and tac, touching.

WAR, Vellum, a Contcft, or Difference between Princes, States, or large Bodies of People ; which not being deter- minable by the ordinary Meafures of Juftice and Equity, is reter'd to the Decifion of the Sword.

Holies'!, great Principle, is, That the Natural State of Man is a State of Warfare ; moil other Politicians hold War to be a preternatural and extraordinary State.

Civil, or Intefiine War, is that between Subjects of the

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W AR

fame Realm ; or between Parties in the fame State.— til this Senfe, we fay, The Civil Wars of the Romans deftroy'd the Republick : The Civil Wars of Granada ruin'd the Power of the Moors in Spain : The Civil Wars in England begun in 11J4.1, ended in the King's Death, 1649.

King's War, Bellum Regis.— At the Time when parti- cular Lords were allow'd to make War with one another, to revenge Injuries, inftead of profecuting them in the ordinary Courts of Juftice ; the Appellation King's War was given to fuch as the King declared againft any other Prince, or State ; on which Occafion, the Lords were not allow'd to make private War againft each other; as being oblig'd to ferve the King, with all their Vaflals. See Vassal, £$c.

Religious War, is a War maintain'd in a State, on ac- count of Religion ; one of the Parties refilling to tolerate the other.

The Holy War, is that antiently maintain'd by Leagues and Croifades, for the Recovery of the Holy Land. See Croisade.

Council of War, is an Aflembly of great Officers, call'd by a General or Commander, to deliberate with him on Enterprizes, and Attempts to be made. See Council.

On fome Occalions, Council of War is alio underftood of an Affembly of Captains, fitting in Judgment on delinquent Soldiers, Defcrters, Coward-Officers, efc.

'Place oj War, is a Place fortified on purpofe to cover and defend a Country, and flop the Incurfion nf an Enemy's Army : Or, it is a Place, wherein are difpos'd the Provifions of War, for an Army incainp'd in the Neighbourhood ; or whither an Army retires into Winter Quarters. See Place.

A»/Wjj. ? „ SMilitarv Art.

Man of War.S Me cShip.

WARBLING of the Wings, in Falconry, is when a Hawk, after having mantled herfelf, croffes her Wings over her Back. See Hawk, and Falcon.

WARD, a Word ufed in our Law-Books in divers Sig- nifications. — Thus, a Ward, in London, is a part of the City, committed to the fpecial Charge of one of the Aldermen of the City. — There are x6 Wards in London, which are as Hundreds, and the Parifhes thereof as Towns. See Alder- man, Hundred, &c.

A Foreft is alfo divided into Wards. See Forest, and Hospital.

A Prifon is alfo called a Ward. See Prison, and Goal.

The Heir of the King's Tenant, who held by Knights- Service or in Capite, was alfo called a Ward during his Non- age. But this laft is taken away by the Statute, n Car. II. cap. 24. See Guard, and Guardian.

WARD-i/oofe, in Gunnery, a Rod, or Staff, with an Iron-end turned Serpent-wife, or like a Screw, to draw the Wads or Ockam out of a Gun, when it is to be unloaded.

Ward, or Warda, call'd alfo Wardagium, is ufed in our antient Writers for the Cuftody of a Town or Caftle, which the Tenants and Inhabitants were bound to keep at their own charge. See Wardage.

Warda Ecclefiarum, denotes the Guatdianfhip of Chur- ches ; which is in the King during the Vacancy, by reafon of the Regalia, or Temporalties. See Regalia, and Tempo- ralties.

WARDAGE, Wardagium, is fometirhes ufed in our antient Law- Writers, in the fame Senfe with Wardper.ny. See Wardpennv.

Sometimes it alfo feems to denote a being free from Wardjliip.

WARDECORNE, among our antient Writers, a Duty incumbent on the Tenants, to guard the Caftle, by founding a Hotn upon the approach of an Enemy ; call'd alfo Carnage. See Cornage.

WARDEN, one who has the Charge or Keeping of any Perfon or Thing, by Office. — Such is the Warden of the Fleet, the Keeper of the Fleet Prifon ; who has the Charoe of the Prifoners there ; efpecially fuch as are committed from the Court of Chancery for Contempt. See Fleet.

Such alfo are, the Warden of the Fellowfhips, Warden of the Marches, Wardens of Peace, Warden of the Weft Marches, Warden of the Foreft, Warden of the Alnage, Warden of the King's Wardrobe, &C. See Guardian ; fee alio Jus- tice, March, Wardrobe, £$c.

Warden, in an Univerfity, is the Head of a College ; an- fwering to what in other Colleges we call the Majler thereof. See College.

Warden, or Lord Warden of the Cinque-Torts, is the Governour of thofe noted Havens ; who has the Authority of an Admiral, and fends out Writs in his own Name. See CiticivE-'Ports.

Warden of the Mint, is an Officer whofe Bufinefsis to receive the Gold and Silver Bullion brought in by the Mer- chants ; to pay them for it, and overfee the other Officers. See Mint.

He is alfo call'd Keeper of the Exchange and Mint.

WARDER. — The Teamen Warders of the Toixer, are

Officers, forty in Number, who are accounted the King's

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