Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/997

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Jlte lies ; as flic doth when her Wake is right a-ftern : But if this Wake be a Point or two to Leeward, they judge that fhe falls to the Leeward of her Courfe.

When, in a Ship's flaying, fhe is too quick ; they fay fhe docs not fall to the Leeward upon a Tack^ but when tack'd, her Wake is to the Leeward j which is a Sign fhe feels her Helm well, and is nimble of Steerage.

Alfo, when one Ship giving chale to another, is got as far into the Wind as fhe, and fails directly after her ; they fay, fhe is got into her Wake,

WAKEFULNESS, Watchfulness, Infomnia ; a Dif- order whereby a Perfon is difabled from going to fleep. See Sleep.

It is occafion'd by a continual and execfiive Motion of the Animal Spirits in the Organs of the Body, whereby thofe Organs are prepared to receive, readily, any- Impreflions from external Objects, which they propagate to the Brain ; and furnifli the Soul with divers Occafions of Thinking. See Spirit.

This extraordinary Flux of Spirits may have two Caufes : For, i°, the fcnfible Objects may flrike the Organ with too much Force. In which Cafe, the Animal Spirits being violently agitated, and thofe Agitations continued by the Nerves to the Brain, they give a like Motion to the Brain it felf; the neceflary Confequence of which, is, that the Animal mull wake. See Vigilia.

Thus, a loud Shriek, Pains, Headach, Gripes, Coughing, %$c. caufc waking. Add, that the Soul's being opprefs'd with Cares, or deeply engag'd in Thinking, contributes to the fame : Since, as it acts by' the miniflry of the Spirits, any Cares or Meditations that keep thofe in motion, muft produce Watchfulncfs. — Of this Kind are thofe inveterate Wakings of melancholick Perfons ; fome of whom have been known to pafs three or four Weeks without a wink of Sleep. See Melancholy.

2, The other Caufe is in the Spirits themfclves ; which have fome extraordinary Difpofition to receive Motion, or to per fill in it : As, from their too great heat, or that of the Brain in burning Fevers, &c. Hence it is, that the Dif- order is moA frequent in Summer, in the heat of Youth, &c.

Long Failing has the fame Effect ; the want of Food fubtilizing the Spirits, and drying the Brain. — The fame is likewifc an ordinary Symptom in eld Age, by reafon the Pores of the Brain and the Nerves, having been much wi- den'd by the continual PafTage of Spirits, for a great num- berof Ycarsj theSpirits now pafs and repafs thro' 'em with too much eafe ; and need not any extraordinary Motion to keep the Mind awake. See Habitude.

There are Inftances of -waking for 45 Nights fuccefllvely : And we even read of a melancholy Perfon, who never flept once in 14 Months. — Such Watchings ufually degene- rate into Madnefs. See Narcotics, and Opiate.

WAKES, Vigils, or Country- Wakes, are certain antient Anniverfary Feafts, in the feveral Parifhes 5 wherein the People were to be awake at the feveral Vigils, or Hours to go to prayer. See Vigil.

They are ufually obferved in the Country, on the Sunday next after the Saint's Day to whom the Pari fh- Church is dedicated.

Co-wel, who derives the Word from the Saxon Wac t re- mulentia $ defines 'em to be the Vigils in the Dedications of Churches, where Men fat drinking in the Choir all Night. See Dedication'.

WALKERS, a fort of Foreil-Oificers, appointed by the King to walk about a certain fpace of Ground, committed to their Care and Infpcclion. See Forest.

Walkers are the fame with what we otherwife call Fo- rejlers. See Forester.

WALKS, in Gardening. See Alleys.

To keep the Weeds from growing upon Walks, Mr. S-wit- zer directs, that the Bottoms thereof be fill'd with Lime- Rubbifh, or coarfe Gravel, Flint-Hones, or other rocky Stuff, eight or ten Inches deep 5 over which may be laid a like depth of Gravel, not too fine.

To keep 'em the drier, they are to be made round, or convex. — The ufual Proportion is, that a Walk 20 Foot wide, be four Inches higher in the Middle, than at the Sides 5 a Walk 25 Foot wide, 5 Inches, &c.

After laying a Walk, it is to be roll'd, both lengthwife, and crofs-wife ; and to lay it the firmer, it mull have three or four Water-Rollings 5 that is, when it rains fo very fa ft, that the Walk fwims with Water : which, when dry Wea- ther comes, will bind as hard as Terrace.

To make the Gravel bind the better, fome mix a little Lime with it; which being apt to flick to the Heels of the Shoes in wet Weather, others grind or pound Sea-fhells, and lay a thin Coat thereof on the Gravel ; which being roll'd, incorporates with the Gravel, and hinders its hanging to the Shoes. Others beat Smiths Cinders to Duft, and others Bricks b ftrewing the Duft on the Walks, which dries up the Moiilure, and gives 'em a Colour.

For ZWrtf/j-WALKs. See Terrass. 3

WALL, in Architecture, f§c. a Work of Stone, Brick, Wood, or the like ; making the principal Part of a Build- ing 5 as ferving both to inclofe it, and to fupport the Roof, Floors, &c. See Building, House, &c.

Walls, tho built very thick and flrong, and their Foun- dations laid deep, yet, if carried on ftrait in a Line, are in- clined to lean, or fall ; and fuch as are built crooked, tho thin and weak, are much more lafting. A Wall rais'd over a River, on Arches of Pillars, Hands as firm as ethers, whofe Foundation is entire.

Hence it appears, that a Wall built much thinner than ufual, by only having at every ao Foot's diftancean Angle fet out about two Foot, or more, in proportion to the Height of the Wall ; or by having at the like diilance, a Column or Pi- lafler erected along with it, fix or eight Inches on each fide over and above the thicknefsof the reft of the Wall ; Such Wall will be much flronger than if five times the quantity of Materials were ufed in a ftrait Wall.

Walls are diftinguiftt'd into divers Kinds, from the Matter whereof they confifl ; as ^Plaijler'd, or Mud-Walls, Brick- Walls, Stone-Walls, Flint or 'Boulder-Walls, and Boarded Walls. — In all which, thefe general Rules are to be regarded.

ift, That they be built exactly perpendicular to the Ground -work.

2d, That the maffieft and heaviefl Materials be the low- ed: ; as fitter to bear than be borne.

3d, That the Walls, as they rife, diminifh. proportionally in Thickncfs, for eafe both ot Weight and Expences.

4th, That certain Burfes, or Lodges, of more ftrength than the reft, be interlaid, like Bows, to flrengthen the whole Fabrick.

Mud and 'Pla/Jler'd-Walls are chiefly in ordinary Timber Buildings. — Thefe Walls, being quarter'd andlath'd between the Timber, or fometimes lath'd over all, are plaifter'd with Lome, (fee Lome ;) which being almoft dry, is plaif- tcr'd over again with white Mortar. See Mortar.

Brick-Walls, are the moft important and ufual among us. — In thefe, particular Care is to be taken about the lay- ing of the Bricks, viz. That in Summer they be laid as wet, and in Winter as dry as pofllble j to make them bind the better with the Mortar: That in Summer, as fa ft as they are laid, they be cover'd up, to prevent the Mortar, &c. from drying too faft : that in Winter they be cover'd well to protect them from Rain, Snow, and Froft, which are all Enemies to the Mortar : That they be laid Point and Joint in the middle of Walls, as feldom as may be ; but, good Bond made there, as well as on the outfides. — Care is like- wife to be taken, that the Angles be firmly bound : In or- der to which, in working up the Walls of a Building, 'tis not advifable to raife any Wall above three Foot high, ere the next adjoining Wall be wrought up to it 3 that good Bond may be made in the progrefs of the Work.

Laftiy, in Building a Houfe in the City of London, the Walls are to be of fuch thickneffes as are enjoined by the Act of Parliament for rebuilding that City. See House.

Flint) or 'Boulder-Walls, are frequently ufed in divers Parts for VencQ-Walls round Courts, Gardens, &c. and even for Walls of Out-houfes. — Sir He?iry Wotton obferves, that the building of Walls of Flint, is a thing utterly unknown to the Antients 5 who obferving in that Material a kind of metallic Nature, at leaft a Fufibility, referv'd it for nobler Ufes.

Thefe Walls are ufually rais'd by a right and left-handed Man, who have a Hod of Mortar pour'd down on the Work, which they part betwixt them ; each fpreading it towards himfelf, and fo they lay in the Flints. — The Mortar for this Work is to be very flirt.

Board- Walls. -\ ("Weather- Boar 'ding.

Stone-VJ alls. Co 3 Stone.

'Party- Walls. T e "S Partition.

Fence- Walls. 2) C Fence.

Wall, in Fortification, &c. See Rampart.

Walls, in Gardening, &c. — The Pofition, Matter, and Form of Walls for Fruir-Trees, are found to have a great Influence on the Fruit : Tho Authors differ as to the Refe- rence. See Garden, Orchard, &c.

The Rev d. Mr. Lawrence directs, that the Walls of a Gar- den be not built directly to face the four Cardinal Points, but rather between 'em, viz. South-Eaft, South- Weft, North- Eaft, and North- Weft: In which, the two former will be good enough for the beft Fruit, and the two latter for Plums, Cher- ries, and baking Pears.

Mr. Langford, and fome others, propofe Garden-??^//* to confift chiefly of Semicircles 5 each about G.x or eight Yards in Front, and including two Trees ; and between every two Semicircles, a Space of two Foot of plain Wall. — By fuch a Provifion, every Part of a Wall will enjoy a fhare of the Sun, one time with another 5 befides that the Warmth will be increas'd, by the collecting and reflecting of the Rays in the Semicircles 5 and the Trees within be fkreen'd from in- jurious Winds.

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