Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/978

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Umder- Sheriff, Sub vice comes. See Sheriff.

U»DEs-&K{r, is an Inmate. See Inmate.

Unbei-taieb!, were antiently fuch Perfons as were employ'd by the King's Purveyors, and acted as their De- puties. See Purveyors.

At prefent, the Same is chiefly ufed for Upholders, or Perfons who furnifh out Funerals : And for fuch as under- take any great Work, as the draining of Fens igc Stat. 43 Eliz.

UNDER-MINING. See Shfimo.

UNDERSTANDING, or Intellect, is defined, by the Per.pateticks, to be a Faculty of the reafonable Soul, con- verfant about intelligible Things, confider'd as intelligible. See Faculty and Soul.

They alfo make it twofold, via. Active and Taffhe.

Active Underftanding, they hold, that Faculty or' the Soul by which the Species and Images of intelligible Things are framed, on occafion of the prefence of Phantafms or Ap- pearances thereof. — lor maintaining the Intellect to be Im- material, they hold it impoflible it fhould be difpofed to think by any difptoportionate Phantafms of mere Body, and

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UNGELD, in our antient Cufloms, ft Frithman, i. a Heme facts, fi/giet & repugmt, g? fe nolit iudicare ; fi oc- Cldatur jaceat Ungeld, i. c. no pecuniary Compenfation IhaJl be made for his Death, Skinner.— Ungilda Akcr, men- tion'd in Brampton, has much the fame Signification, viz. where any Man was kili'd attempting any Felony, he was to lie in the Field unbuiied, and no pecuniary Compenfation to. be made for his Death. From the Saxon, an, without, gllda folutio, £5? acera, ager, Field.

UNGUENT, Unguentum, in Chirurgery, a topical Remedy, or Compofition, u r ed in the drefling of Wounds and Ulcers. See Wo-jnp, gc.

Unguents, Liniments, and Cerats, are external Forms applied on divers Parts of the Bodj, both to cure, and to eafe and relieve 'em. — They only differ from each other in Confidence, with regard to which Unguents hold the Me- dium ; being ftiffer than Liniments, but fofter than Cerats. See Liniment, and Cerat.

Oils are ordinarily the Bafes of all three ; to which are

added Wax, Axungia, and feveral Partsof Plants, Animals,

- and Minerals, both in refpect of the Virtues they furnifh,

therefore is obliged to frame other proportionate Species of and to give a Confiftence to the Oils, and to keep 'em

it ieli ; and hence its Denomination active. longer on tl "

Pa jive Underftanding, is that which receiving the Species framed by the ABive Underftanding, breaks forth into actual Knowledge. See Knowledge.

The Moderns fet afide the "Peripatetic Notion of an active Underftanding.— The Carte/tans then define the Under- ftanding to he that Faculty, whereby the Mind converting with, and as it were inrent on, itfelf, evidently knows what is true in any rhing not exceeding its Capacity. See Judg- ment.

The Corpiifcutar Philofophers define the Underftanding to be a Faculty, expreflive of Things which ftrike on the exter- nal Senfes, either by their Images, or their Effects, and fo enter the Mind. — Their great Doflrine is, Nihil ejji in In- telleSu quod non frinsfiierit infenfu ; and to this'Doctrine our famous Mr. Locke, and moft of our lateftE»g({/e; Philofo- phers fubferibe.

The Cartefians cry out aloud againft it, between whom and the Corpufcularians there is this farther Difference, that the latter make the Judgment to belong to the Underftanding ; but the former to the Will. See Will.

Hence, according to the moft approved Opinion of the Corpufcularians, the Underftanding has two Orfices, viz-. 'Perception and Judgment ; according to the Cartefians only one, viz. Perception. See Perception.

Underftanding is alfo ufed for the Act, Exercife, or Exer- tion of this Faculty; or the Action wherebv the Mind knows Things, or reprefents 'em in Idea to itfeif.

UNDULATION, in Phyficks, a kind of tremulous Mo- tion, or Vibration, obfervabie in a Liquid; or a fort of wavy Motion, whereby a Liquid alternately rifes and falls, like the Waves of the Sea.

And hence it is that this Term takes its rife, Unda figni- fying Wave. See Wave.

This Undulatory Motion, if the Liquid be frnooth and at reft, is propagated in Concentrick Circles, as molt People have obferved upon throwing a Stone or other matter upon the Surface of a ftagnant Water, or even upon touching the Surface of the Water lightly with the Finger, or the like.

The Reafon of thefe circular Undulations is, that by touching the Surface with the Finger there is produced a De- preffion of rhe Water in the place of Contact. By this De- preffion the fubjacent Parts are moved fucceflively out of their place, and the other adjacent Part thruft upwards, which lying fucceflively on the defcending Liquid, follow it; and thus the Parts of the Liquid arc alternately rais'd and deprefs'd, and that citcularly.

When a Stone is thrown into the Liquid, the reciprocal Vibrations are more confpicuous : Here the Water in the Place of Immerfion, rifing higher, by means of the Impulfe or Rebound, till it comes to fill again, gives an Impulfe to the adjoining Liquid, by which means that is likewife rais'd abour the place of the Stone, as about a Centre, and forms the firft undulous Circle ; which falling again, gives another Impulfe to rhe Fluid next to it further from the Centre, which likewife rifes in a Circle ; and thus, fucceflively, gteater and greater Circles are produced.

Undulatory Motion, is likewife applied to a Motion in the Air, whereby its Parts are agitated after rhe like manner as Waves in rhe Sea ; as is fuppofed to be the Cafe when the String of a mufical Inflrument is ftruck. See Chord.

This Undulatory Motion of the Air, is fuppofed the Mat- ter or Caufe of Sound. See Sound.

Inftead of the Undulatory, fome Authots chufe to call this a vibratory Motion. See Vibration.

Undulation is alfo ufed, in Chirurgery, for a Motion enfuing in the Matter contain'd in an Abfcefs, upon fqueezing it. — A Tumor is faid to be in a condition for opening, when one perceives the Undulation. See Tumor.

he Parr, that they may have more time to aft. The Principal Unguents areVnglleutumRcfatiiw,Unguen- ttmiAlbnm, or whiteUnguent of Cerufs; the Topaleum made of the Buds of the Poplar- Tree ; the Unguentum Apoftoh- rum, fo call'd from the twelve Drugs it confifls of, a Cleanfer ; the Ungentum Safilicum, a Suppurative ; the Unguentum Egyftiacum, Cauftic; the Unguentum Aureum, Incarnative and Cicatrizing ; the Unguent, de Apio, Mundicative ; the Unguent. Agrippue, faid to be difcovtr'd by King Agrippa. See each under their proper Articles, Populeum, Egypti-

ACUM, ApoSTOLORUM, cifc.

Pomatums are alfo rank'd in the Number of Un- guents. See Pomatum.

UNGUIS, a LatinTtatt, fignifying a Nail of the Hand or Foot. See Nail.

Unguis, in Medicine, a Difeafe of the Eye, occafion'd by a neivous Excrefcence on the Conjunctiva, beginning at the great Cauthus and fpreading infenfibly till it reach the 'Pupil, and at laft quite cover it. See Conjunctiva.

The ordinary Caufe of the Unguis is an exceflive Acri- mony in the Tears, which corrode the Conjunctiva, as is often the Cafe in an Opthalmia, or after the Smiil-Pox.

The Greeks call it dlipjyw. See Pterygium.

Unguis, in Anatomy, is applied to two Bones of the Nofe, being as thin as Scales, and tefembling the Nail 5 whence their Name. See Nose.

The Ungues arc the fmalleft Bones in the upper- Jaw, and are fituare dole to the great Canthus of the Eyes. See Maxilla.

Some Authots call them OfJ'a Lachrymalia, but impro- perly ; there being no GlandulaLachrymalis in the Canthus. Others call 'em Orbitaria OJfa.

They are contiguous to four other Bones, viz. the Coro- nal, that of the Nofe, the Maxillary, and that part of the Ethmoides which forms the O.bit.

Unguis, or Unguiculus, among Botanifts and Florifts, is a little Speck, of a different Colour from the reft of the c Peta- la, or Leaves of Flowers. See Petala.

It has the figuie of a Nail of the Hand: Its place is at the Origin, or Root of thofe Leaves ; as we fee in the Rofe, Poppy-flowers, and divers others.

In preparing of Medicines, the Ungues, axUnguiculi, are pull'd off the Flowers that entet the fame.

Unguis Odoratus. See Blatta Sizantia.

UNGULA, in Geomerry, is the Section of a Cylinder cut off by a Plane pairing obliquely thro' the Plane of theBafe, and part of the cylindrick Surface. See Motion.

Ungula, in Natural Hiftory, the Claw, or Hoof of a Quadruped. SeeHooF.

Ungula Alois, the Elk's Claw. See Elk.

Ungula, among Surgeons, a fort of hooked Inftrument where- withal to extract a dead Foetus out of the Womb.

UNICORN, in Natural Hiftory, an Animal famous a- mong the Greek Authors, under rhe Name of Maynni?©-, and among the Latins, Englijh, French, &c. under thofe of" Unicornis, Unicorn, Licorne, &c.

All thefe Names it takes from its diflinguifliing Characte- riftic, the having one Horn only, which is reprefenred as five Palms long, growing in the middle of the Forehead.

This Animal claims a place here, not only as it makes a curious Article in Natural Hiftory, but alfo as it furniflies fomething to Medicine, Commerce, and Heraldry.

The popular Account is, that it is about the fize of a Hotfe, its Hair ffiort and of a dark-brown colour ; very ti- merous, and therefore keeping moftiy in the Woods ; and that its true Place is the Province of Agoas in the Kingdom of tDamotes, in Ethiopia.

And. Marin, a learned Phyfician of Venice, has wrote an exprefs Treatiie on the Falfe Opinion of the Unicorn.

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