Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/976

 U MB

ULNARIS Extenfor, in Anatomy, a Mufcle, call'd alfo Extenfor Carpi. See Extensor.

Ulnaris Flexor. See Flexor, Carpi.

ULTERIOR, in Geography, is apply'd to feme part of a Country, or Province, which, with regard to the reft of that Country, is firuate on the farther Side of a River, Mountain, or other Boundary which divides the Country into two Parts.

Thus, Africa, with regard to Europe, is divided by Mount Atlas, into Cilerior, and Ulterior, i. e. into two Por- tions, the one on this fide Mount Alias, and the other on that.

The Word is pure Latin.

ULTIMA Safia, q. d. laft Kijfes, is a Phrafe ufed among feme Painters, for the laft finilhing Touches with the Pencil. See Painting. x

ULTRAMARINE, a beautifukblue Colour, ufed by the Painters, prepared from Lapis Lazuli. See Blue, and Lapis.

This Blue is one of the richefl and mod valuable Colours ufed in Painting.— The Preparation confifts in firft calcining the Lapis in an Iron Mortar, then grinding it very fine on a Porphyry Stone ; then mixing it up with a Palte made of Wax, Pitch, and Oil ; and at laft waffling the Pafte well in clear Water, to feparate the colouring Part from the reft, which precipitates to the bottom, in form of a fubtile, beautiful, blue Pouder.

The Water is then pour'd off"; and the Pouder at bot- tom dried in the Sun : which is the true Ultramarine.

Thofe who prepare this Colour, have ufually four Kinds, which they get by fo many different Lotions': The firft is ftill the beft ; and the reft worfe and worfe, to the laft.

There is Ultramarine of the firft Kind, fold for n /. Ster- ling per Ounce ; and of the laft, for about 12 or 15 s.

Some derive its Name, Ultramarine, q. d. beyond Sea, flora its being firft brought into Europe out of India and 'Perfia : Others fay, 'tis becaufe its Colour is deeper than that of the Sea.

The common Opinion is, that the Method of making it was firft difcover'd in England ; and that a Member of the Eafl India Company, having a Quarrel with his Aflociates, to be reveng'd of them, made the Secret publicfc.

Ultramarine muft be chofen of a high Colour, and well ground which is known by putting it between the Teeth, where, if ir feel gritty, 'tis a Sign the Triture is not fufficient.

To know whether it be pure and unmix'd, put a little of it in a Crucible, and heating it red hot, if the Pouder han't chang'd its Colour after this Trial, 'tis certainly pure : On the contrary, if you perceive any change, or any black Specks in it, 'tis falfify'd.

Befide this, there is another Kind, call'd Common or 2)utcb Ultramarine ; which is only Lapis or Smalt well ground, and pulveriz'd ; the Colour whereof, when ufed by the Painters, is much like that of the true Ultramarine, tho much lefs valued.

ULTRAMONTANE, fomething beyond the Mountains.

The Term is principally ufed in relation ro Italy and France, which are feparated by the Mountains of the Alps.

In France, the Opinions of the Ultramontane Canonifts, i. e. of thofe of Italy, are not receiv'd.

The Painters, particularly thofe of Italy, call all thofe that are not of that Country, Ultramontanss ; or, fimply, tra- montanes. Ponffin is the only Tramontane Painter that the Italians feem to envy. See Tramontane.

ULTRAMUNDANE, Ultramundanus, q. d. beyond the World ; is that Part of the Univerfe, fuppofed ro be without, or beyond the Limits of our World, or Syftem. See Universe, World, £S?c.

UMBELICUS. ? „ S Umbilicus.

UMBELICAL. S aae i Umbilical.

UMBELLA, or Umbrella. See Parasol.

UMBELLjE, among Botanifts, &c. is applied to the round Tufts or Heads of certain Plants, fet thick together, and all of the fame height. — But fparfed or thin Umbellte, is when they ftand at a diftance from one another, yet all of an equal height. See Umbelliferous.

UMBELLIFEROUS Wants, are fuch as have their Tops branched, and lpread out like an Umbrella ; on each little Subdivifion of which, there is growing a fmall Flower; fuch are Fennel, Dill, £S>c. See Plant.

This Flower is always Pentapetalous 5 and is fucceeded by two naked Seeds adjoining to each other, which are the true Charadrerifticks that diftinguifti thefe Plants from orhers.

The Umbelliferous are a very large Genus of Plants, and are diftinguifh'd by Mr. Hay as follows :

I", Such as have a compounded Leaf, of a triangular and pinnate Form. — The Seeds of thefe are either broad, flat, and plain, almoft like Leaves ; as the Sphondylimn, Pafli- naca Latifolia, 'Panax Heracleum Tordylium, Orcofitinum, Tbyffelinum, Apium Cicutce foliis, Daucus Alfaticus carvi- folia, Anetbum, Pucedanum, Tkapfia, Ferula, &c. Or with a Seed more tumid, and lefs comprefied and flat than

C V9 2

V M P

the former; as the Cacbrys, Laferpitinm, Cicutaria Vul- garis, Scandix, Cerefolinm, Myrrhis Sativa Angelica, Le- vifticum, Siler Montanum, Sulbocaftmmm, Sifarum, Oe-' nanthe, Stum, Pimpinella, Apium, Cwuta, Vifiw<t.a, Saxi- fraga, Critbmum, Fomicidnm, 2)aucus vulgaris) Anifum, Caucalci, Conundrum, Paftinaca Marina, &c.

2°, Such as have a Ample, or undivided Leaf, or at leaft one only a little jagged ; as the Perfoliata, Suplerum, A- ftrantta nigra, Samcula, and the Sejiti Mtbiopietmi

UMBER, among Painters, &c\ a kind of Earth, which, diluted with Water, ferves to make a dark brown Colour.

It is called Umber from Umbra, Shadow ; as ferving chiefly for the Shadowings of Objefls. See Shadow.

UMBILICAL, Umbilicalis, or Umbelical, in Ana- tomy, fomething that relates to the Umbilicus, or Navel. See Umbilicus, &c.

Umbilical Veffels, are a Set or Affemblage of Veffels belonging to a Fxtus ; conftituting what we call the Funi- culus Umbilicalis, or Navel-firing. See Foetus, and Umbi^ licalis.

Thefe Veffels are two Arteries, a Vein, and the Uracbus.

The Umbilical Arteries arife from the Iliacks, near their; Divifion into external and internal ; and pafs rhence on each fide of the Bladder, thro' the Navel, to the Placenta.

By the Number of Contortions, or Convolutions of thefe Arteries in the Navel-firing, our Midwives fuperftitioufiy reckon the Number of Children the Woman is to have.

The Umbilical Vein, from innumerable Capillaries united into one Trunk, deicends from the Placenta to the Liver of the Fetus ; where it is partly diftributedinto the Porta, and partly into the Cava. v

The Uracbus is only plainly found in Brutes ; tho there is no doubt but it has place likewife in Mankind. See U-

RACHUS.

The Ufe of thefe Veffels, is to maintain a Continuity and Communication between the Mother and the Fxtus. — Some Authors will even have it, that the Fxtus receives its Food and Increafc this way ; and that it grows, like a Vegetable, from the Mother as the Root, of which the Umbilical Vef- fels are the Stem ; and the Child the Head or Fruit of this Plant-Animal. See Circulation, Nutrition, Foe- tus, &c.

Umbilical Region, is that Part of the Abdomen lying round about the Umbilicus, or Navel. See Abdomen, and Region.

Fra/cataUMBiLicALis, popularly call'd the Navel-ftring, is a kind of String, form'd of the Umbilical Veffels ; which being ty'd up in a common Coat, or Membrane, traverfo the Secundines, and are inferted at one end into the Pla- centa of the Mother, and at the other into the Abdomen of the Fxtus. See Umbilical Veffels.

The Navel-ftring is membranous, wreathed, and unequal ; arifing out of the middle of the Abdomen, and reaching to the Placenta Uterina : Tis ufually half an Ell in length, and as thick as one's Finger. — It was neceflary it fhould be fo long and lax, that when the Ftettts in the Womb grows ftrong, it might not break it by its fprawling and tumbling abour ; and that after it is born, the Secundine, or After- Birth, might be drawn out the better by it.

The way that it paffes from rhe Navel to the Placenta, is very unconitant ; for fometimes it goes upon the right Hand to the Neck, which having incompafs'd, it defcends to the Placenta ; and fometimes it goes on the left Hand up to the Neck, &c. Sometimes it comes not to the Neck at all, but goes firft a little up towards its Bread, and then turns round its Back, and from thence paffes to the Placenta.

This Parr, at the Birth, is either broke, or cut away to the Navel ; fo that its Veffels, viz. two Arteries, a Vein, and Uracbus, become perfectly ufelefs, as Veffels ; and dry- ins up, become impervious, and ferve only as Ligaments to fufpend the Liver.

Umbilical Points,\n Mathematicks, the fame with Foci. See Focus.

UMBILICUS, the Navel, in Anatomy, the middle of the Mid-part of the lower Venter, or Belly ; being the Place thro' which the Umbilical Veflels pafs out of the Fxtus t» the Placenta of the Mother.

The Word is pure Latin, form'd of Umbo, the little bunch in the middle of a Buckler ; by reafon of its refem- blance to the Navel. See Umbilical Veffels.

Umbilicus, in Mathematicks, the fame with Focus. See Focus.

UMBONE, or Horn, among Floriffs, fignifies any point- ed Style, or Piftil, in the middle of aFlower. See Pistil.

There is alfo an Umbone call'd doubly-pointed, or by-part' ed, as in the Peony ; and fometimes rhe Umbone has four fharp Points, in which Cafe it is termed, an Umbone divided into fo many Heads, or cut into three or four Parts.

UMBRELLO. See Umbella.

UMPIRE, a third Perfon, chofen to decide a Controverfy left to an Arbitration, in cafe the Arbitrators Ihould not agree. See Arbitrator.

This,