Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/97

 LIC ( 4f 1 )

Sfcnie of thofe Farts which were before visible, fet and hide themfelves in the invisible fide of the Moon, and afterwards become again conlpicuous. This Liberation of the Moon is owing to her equable Rotation round her own Axis, and her unequal Motion in the Perimeter of her Orbit. For if the Moon moved in a Circle, whofe Centre co-incided with the Centre of the Earth, and turn'd round its Axis in the precife Time of its Period round the Earth $ the Plane of the fame Lunar Meridian would always pafs thro the Earth, and the fame Face of the Moon would be Contfantly and exactly turn'd towards us. But fince the real Motion of the Moon is an Ellipfis, in whofe Fo- cus is the Earth, and the Motion of the Moon about the Earth is equable ; or, which is the fame thing, every Meridian of the Moon by the Rotation defcribes Angles proportional to the Times : the Plane of no one Meridian will coniiantly pafs thro the Earth.

LIBRATION OF THE EARTH, that Motion, whereby the Earth is fo retain'd in its Orbit, as that its Axis continues conftantly parallel to the Axis of the "World* This, Copernicus calls the Motioji of Libration ; and may be illuftrated thus : Suppofe a Globe, with its

L IE

By Liege Homage the VafTal was obliged to ferve his Lord towards all, and againft all, excepting his Father. In which fenfe, the Word was ufed in opposition to fimple Homage j which laft only obliged the VafTal to pay the Rights and accuftomed Dues to his Lord, and not to bear Arms againft the Emperor, Prince, or other Superior Lord : So that a Liege Man was a Perfon wholly devoted to his Lord, and tntirely under his Command.

However, as the Word Liege is varioufly ufed by Au- thors, it muft be obferved that there were formerly two kinds of Liege Homage : the one by which the Vaffal was obliged to ferve his Lord, againll all without exception, even his Sovereign ; the other, by which he was to ferve him againft all, except fuch other Lords as he had for- merly owed Liege Homage to.

In our old Statutes, Lieges and Liege People are Terms peculiarly appropriated to the King's Subjects, as being Liges, Ligati, or obliged to pay Allegiance to him, 8 Hen. 6. iq.Hen. 8. &c. Iho private Perfons had their Lieges

too Re'maldus Dei gratia Abbas Ramufl.x', prxpcjito & ho~

minibus de Brancejire, & omnibus vicinis Francis & Anglis, Sa~ lutem, Sciatis me ded'ffe terram L T lfe, in Depedene (hodie De-

Axis parallel to that of the Earth, painted on the Flag of pedale) huic Bofelino & Uxori ejus Alfnia ea Conditione

iMaft, moveable on its Axis, and conftantly driven by anEaftWind, while it fails round an Ifland, 'tis evident the painted Globe will be fo librated, as that its Axis will be parallel to that of the World in every Situation of the Ship.

LICENCE, a Permiffion or Leave granted by a Supe- rior. Jttftmiaa appointed four Years to be fpent in the Study of the Law ; afterwhich, thofewho had difcharged this Obligation, were faid to have Liceiice, or Permiffion, to retire from Study. And hence the Word comes to be ufed in this fenfe among us.

Licence is alfo ufed for the Letters or Certificates taken out in the Universities, whether in Law, Phyfic, or Divi- nity. Licence in the Sorbonne is a Period of two ^ears, which the Barchelors are obliged to pafs in affifting at Acts, and difputing in 'em, to qualify themfelves for be- ing admitted Doctors.

LICENCES, in Painting, are the Liberties which the Painter takes in difpenfing with the Rules of Perfpective, and the other Laws of his Art.

Poetical Licence is the Liberty which Poets claim of dif- penfing with the ordinary Rulesof Grammar •-, and antiently the Poets had much greater Licences than are now allow'd. The Greeks, by having recourfe to the feveral Dialefts of their Tongue, could lengthen out a Word if it were too fhort, or retrench fomething from it if it were too long. The old Poets did what they pleas'd with their Language, and fubjected it not only to all their Neceffities, but their Caprices too.

Et data Rotnanis venia eft indigna Poetis t

But thefe became ridiculous in courfe of Time j and the Poets are now defpoil'd of molt of their antient Privi- leges.

LICENCE TO ARISE, in Law, is a Liberty or Space of Time given by the Court to a Tenant, to arile out of his Bed, who is effoin'd de Malo Letli in a real Action.

LICENTIATE, he who has obtain'd the Degree of a Licence. Mull of the Officers of Judicature in Spain are known by no other Name than that of Licentiates. To pafs Licentiate in the Canon Law, Civil Law, or Phyfic, they muft have ftudied feven iears, in Divinity ten. A Lictn- tiate among us is ufually underftood of a Phyfician who has a Licence to practife, granted him by the College or Bifliop of the Diocefe. A Perfon practising Phyfic with- out fuch Licence, in cafe his Patient dies under his hands, is guilty of Felony in the eye of the Law.

LICHEN, a cutaneous Diftempcr, in many refpects the fame with aLeprofy ; for which, a Mofs of the fame name is faid to be an extraordinary Remedy : but this the prcfent Practice feldom meets with.

LIEGE, properly Signifies a VafTal who holds a kind of Fee, that binds him in a clofer Obligation to his Lord than other People. The Term fecms to be derived from the French Her, to bind ; in regard of a Ceremony ufed in rendering Faith or Homage, which was by locking the VaflaFs Thumb or his Hand in that of the Lord, to fhew that he was faft bound by his Oath of Fidelity. Cujas, Vijiner i and Bignon chufe rather to derive the Word from the fame Source with leudis or leod't, loyal, faithful. But Du Cange falls in with the Opinion of thofe who derive it from Litis ; a kind ofVatTals fo firmly attach'd to their Lord on account of Lands or Fees held of him, that they were obliged to do him all manner of Service, as if they were his Domcftics. He adds, this was formerly call'd Litvjum Servititm, and the Perfon Litge. In this fenfe the Word is ufed Leg. Edw. cap. 29. Jur.fub Tutela Regis Ligea debsat ejfe ; that is, wholly under his Pro- tection.

quod ejfcftifint homines Liges. Lib.Rames.

Omnibus, &c. Reginalaus Rex hifularum, Saiutem. Sciatis quod dtveni homo Ligeus Domini Regis Angjix^ohxnrits, contra omnesMortales efuamdiu vixero, t3 iftde ei fidehtatem & facra- mentum prcefiiti, $£c. M S penes W. Dugdale.

LIENTERY, in Phyfic, a kind of Loofenefs wherein the Food paifes fo fuddenly thro the Stomach and Guts, as to be thrown out by Stool with little or no Alteration. The Lientery is owing either to a Defect in the Ferment of the Stomach, or to a Relaxation of the Pylorus, at- tended with fo brisk an Irritation of the Fibres of the Ventricle, that inftead of retaining the Aliment it lets it pafs. Excefs of Drinking fomctimes occasions this Dif- eafe, by relaxing the Stomach, and efpecially the Pylo- rus, too immoderately. The Antientswere of opinion the Lientery was owing to the too great Smoothncfs and Slip- perinefs of the Infide of the Inteftines, by which they let the Food flip off before it was digefted : and hence they gave it this Name, which is formed from a«©-, pol;Jhed t and evls^v, Inteftine.

LIE UNDER THE SEA : The Sailors fay, a Ship lies under the Sea, when her Helm being made faft a Lee, fhe lies fo a-Hull, that the Sea breaks upon her Bow, or Broad-fide.

LIEUTENANT, a Deputy or Officer who holds the place of a Superior, and difcharges that Function in his abfence, which he ought to exercife in perfon. Of thefe fome are Civil, as Lords Lieutenants of Kingdoms, who are the King's Viceroys, and govern in his ftead j Lords Lieutenants of Counties, fee County. But the Term is molt popular with Military Men, among whom there is a Va- riety of Lieutenants. As,

Lieutenant-General^ the fecond Officer in an Army, who commands a Body of Forces, a Detachment, Quarter- Attack, i£c. under the General.

In France they have alfo Lieutenants-General of their Naval Forces, who command immediately under the Ad- mirals.

In Holland they have a Lieutenant- Admiral, which is the fame with what we call a Vice-Admiral.

Lieutenant-Gs7ieral of the Ordnance, is he who has the Charge of the Artillery, Batteries, \£c: under the Mafter- General, or in his abfence.

Lieutenant-Colonel, in a Body of Horfe, is the firft Cap- tain of the Regiment ; he commands in the abfence of the Colonel, taking place of all the other Captains.

Lieutenant-Colonel of Foot, is the fecond Officer in the Regiment ; he commands in the abfence of the Colonel, and in a Battel takes poft at his Colonel's Left. The Dra- goons have alfo a Lieutenant-Colonel j but the Horfe have not, properly, any.

LIFE, the Duration of Animal Being, or the Space of Time that paffes between their Birth and Death. Life is alfo ufed for the Conflitution j or the Principle of Heat and Motion that animates Bodies, and makes 'em Per- ceive, Act, and Grow j in which fenfe, Life is divided into Animal, Sensitive, and Vegetative. Life, in a Strictly phyfical fenfe, is the Circulation of the Blood.

My Lord Bacon makes the Prolongation of Life one of the three Branches of Medicine j the other two relating to the Prefervation of Health, and the Cure of Difeafes. And the Theory of this he numbers among the Dtfiderata. Some Means or Indications that feem to lead to it, he lays down as follows.

Things are preferved in two manners 5 either in their Identity, or by Reparation. In their Identity, as a Fly or Ant in Amber, a Flower or Fruit or Wood in a Conferva- tory of Snow 9 a dead Carcafs in Balfams. By Repara- tion, as a Flame, and as Mechanical Engines, l$c. To

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