Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/924

 TUR

Two of thefe falten'd together with an Iron Chain and Staple, fix Inches long, are of" great Ule to flop the Enemy in the Breaches or elfewhere.

Thole intended to be thrown in Breaches, rauft be made of Oak ; and need not be fa big, or the Pickets To long.

TURNADO or Tornado, a Wind which on fome Coafts blows all Night from the Shore. See Wind, Whirl- wind, Trade-^k.V, Monsoon.

TURNAMENT or Tournament, a martial Sport or Exercife, which the ancient Cavaliers uled to perform, to Jhew their Bravery and Addrefs,

The firft Turnaments were only Courfes on Horfeback, wherein the Cavaliers tilted at each other with Canes, in manner of Lances 5 and were dilHnguillrd from Jults, which were Courfes accompanied with Attacks and Combats with blunted Lances and Swords.

Others fay, it was a Ttwnament, when there was only one Quadril or Troop ; and that where there were feveral to encounter each other, it was a Juft ■■ but 'tis certain the Two became confounded together in procels of Time 5 at leaft we find them fo in Authors. See Just.

The Prince who publifh'd the Lurnament, ufed to fend a King at Arms with a fife Conduit, and a Sword to all the Princes, Knights, £$c. figoifying that he Intended a Turna- ment and a Clafiivg of S-nwds, in the 'Frefence of Ladies and tDamfels ; which was the ufual Formula of Invitation.

They firft. engaged Man againlt Man, then Troop againft Troop ; and after the Combat, the Judges allotted the Prize to the $ eft Cawlier, and the heft Striker of Sivcrds ; who was, accordingly, conducted in Pomp, to the Lady of the- Tiirnamcnt » where, after thanking her very reverently, he ialuted her, and likewiie her two Maids.

Thele'TurnaineniS made the principal Diverfion of the XHIth and XlVth Centuries. - — Munfler fays, it was Henry the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, and afterwards Emperor, that firft introduced them ; but it appears fora the Chronicle of Tours, that the true Inventor of this tamed Sport, was one Geoffrey, Lord of Trouilli, about the lear 1066.

From France they palTed into E-.gland and Germany. - — The Hiftoria 'Byzantine tells us, That the Greeks and Latins borrowed the Ule thereof from the Franks; and wc find mention made of them in Cantacufana, Gregorias t Bejfarion and others of the late Greek Authors.

Budeus derives the Word from Trojana agmina ; others from Trojamentwm, qnafi Indus Tfojt?. Menage deduces it from the Latin, Tornenfis, or the French, Fcurner, in regard the Combatants turn'd and twilled this way and that. M. 'Paris calls them In Lath, Haftiludia; Neubrige??Jis, Medi- tationes Militates, others Ghdiatur<e t others Ijecurfwnes ludicr£, gfc.

Pope Eugenius II. excommunicated thole who went to Tournaments, and forbad them Burial in holy Ground. — K. Henry II. of France died of a Wound received at a Tur- nament. — One Chiaoux, who had affifted at a Turnament under Charles VIII. laid very happily 5 If it be in Eamefl, 'tis too little ; If in 7efi, too much.

'Tis to the Exercife of Turnaments that we owe the firft Ufe of Armories; of which, the Name Blazonry, the Form of the Efcutcheons, the Colours, principal Figures, the Mantlings, Labels, Supporters, r^c. are undeniable Evidences. See Arms.

In Germany* 'twas anciently a Cuftom to hold a folemn Turnament every three Years, to ferve as a Proof of Nobi- lity. For the Gentleman who had affift ed at Two, was

fufficiently blazon'd and publifh'd, i. e. he was acknowledged Noble, and bore two Trumpets by way of Creft on his Tur- nament Cask. — Thofe who had not been in any Tttraaments t had no Arms, though they were Gentlemen. See Nobility, Descent, &c.

TURNETUM, in our old Law-books, a Duty paid to the Sheriff for holding his Turn or County-Court. See Turn and Sheriff.

TURNING, a Branch of Sculpture; being the Art of fafhioning hard Bodies, as Brafs, Ivory, Wood, gjfo into a round or oval Form, in a Lathe. See Lathe.

Turning is performed, by putting the Subftance to be tunied> upon two Points, as an Axis ; and moving it about on that Axis; while an edge Tool Jet Heady to the Outfide of the Subftance, in a Circumvolution thereof, cuts off all the Parts that lie further off the Axis, and makes the Outfide of that Subftance Concentric to the Axis.

. The Invention of 'Turning appears to be very ancient. — Some indeed, to do Honour to the Age, will have it brought 'to Perfection by the Moderns; but if what c Pl'wy and fome other ancient Authors relate, be true, that the Ancients turned thole precious Vafes, enrich'd with Figures and Ornaments in Relievo, which we frill fee in the Cabinets of the Curious; it muft be owned, that all that has been added in thefe Ages, makes but a poor Amends for what we loft of the manner of Turning of the Ancients, See Sculpture.

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T U S

The principal Imtruments ufed in burning, befidc the Lathe, are Ch.flels and Mandrels of various Forms ; tbt

%?&'^™ r S of 'J ee mder their Prefer Articles.

TtSS TouRNsor, orToRnsoL. See Tornsol.

lUlVKJMNiJNEi Terebenthina, a tranfparent Gum

or Rchn flowing either Naturally or fay lnciiion, from feveral

fatty refinous lrees; i„ch as the Terebinthus, Larch, Pine,

• "-iJH'-n.- Se ? GoM and Resin iferous.

We difhnguifh feveral Kinds of Turpentines; as that of On .that of Venice, that of Sourdeaux, that oi Cyprus, Strasbourg, (gel

The Turpentine of Olio, which is the only »enuin Kind, and that which gives the Denomination to all the reft, is a whitifli Refin, bordering a little on the Green, very clear and a little odoriferous ; drawn by Incifion from a Tree called Terelinthus, very common in that Ifland, as alio in Cyprus, and fome Parts of Frame and Spain.

The Gum muft be chofen of a Solid Confidence, almoft without either Tafte or Smell, and not at all Tenacious, which dillinguifhes it from the falfe Turpentine of Venice, commonly fubllituted for ir, which has a ftrong Smell, a bitter Tafte, and flicks much to the Finger. — This Turpen- tine of Chio is indilputably the beft; but its Scarcity occafions it to be little in ule.

The Turpentine of Venice, is falfly fo called, for though there was a Turpentine anciently brought from Venice, yet that now io called, comes all from Dauphins. — 'Tis liquid, of the Confluence of a thick Syroo, and whitifli ; and flows either (pontaneoully, or by Incifion from Larches, Firs and Pines, chiefly in the Wood de Tilatze.

That flowing naturally, call'd by the Peafants, Bijon, is a kind of Balm not inferior in virtue to that of 'Peru, to which itisfrequenllyfubftituted. — That drawn by Incifion, after the Tree has ceas'd to yield fpontaneoufly, is of very con- siderable Ufe, in feveral Arts, and 'tis even of this that Vamifhis made. See Varnish.

It muft be chofen White and Tranfparent, and Care be taken it han't been counterfeited with Oil of Turpentine ,

The Turpentine of Boitrdeaux is white and thick as Honey. — It does not ooze from the Tree in the Manner it is fent to us; but is properly a Compofition, wherein, among other Ingredients, is a white hard Sort of Rofin called Galipot. See Pitch.

The Turpentine of Strasbourg, Dantzic, Fjc. is that mod commonly ufed among us ; and is prefert'd, by our People, to that of Venice, which it is diftinguiih'd from, by its gteen Hue.

The Ufcs of Turpentine in Medicine, are innumerable, ? — 'Tis a great Vulnerary, and very Detergent, and as fuch. is. prefcribed in all Abfceffes and Ulcerations, ©~c. Ir pro- motes Expcitoraticn, and as fuch is prefcribed in Dileafes of the Lungs and Brealt : But it is moll famous for clearing the Urinary Paffages, and as fuch prefcribed in Obftrucfions of the Reins, in Gonuorhteas, &c.

Oil of Turpentine. --- There are two Kinds of Oils drawn from ?w"/ew»ze by Diliillation 5 the firft White, the iecond Red ; both efteem'd as Balfoms proper for the Cure of Wounds, Chilblains, (ge. But they are fo little ufed among us, that 'tis not caly to prccute either of them.

What is commonly lold under the Name of Oil of Turpen- tine, or lit/serial Oil, is only a Diftillation of the Rofin called Galipot, frefli from the Tree. — It is ufed with Succefs in the Cure of green Wounds, as alfo'by the Painters, Farriers, &c. — To be good, it muft be clear and white as Water, of a ftrong penetrating Smell, and very inflammable.

TURUNDA, in Chirmgery, a Tent ; or any thing to be thruft into an Orifice of Cavity. See Tent, i$c.

TUSCAN, in Architecture, the firft, fimpleft, and mod Mafliveof the five Orders. See Ortier.

The Tufcan Order takes its Name from an ancient People of Lydia, who coming out of Jlfia to people Tufcany, firft executed it in iome Temples, which they built in their new Plantations;

Vitruvius calls the Tufcan, the Ruftic Order ; with whom agrees M. de Chambray, who in his Parallel, fays, it ought never to be ufed but in Country -houfes and Palaces. M./t? Clerc adds, that in the manner Vitruvius, <Palladio and fome others, have ordered it, it does not delerve to be ufed at all. But in Vignola's Manner of Compofition, he allows it a Beauty, even in its Simplicity; and fuch as makes it proper not only for private Houfes, but even for public Buildings, asin the Piazzas of Squares and Markets ; in the Magazines and Granaries of Cities; and even in the Offices and lower Apartments in Palaces,

The Tufcan has its Character and Proportions, as well as the other Orders ; but we have no ancient Monuments, to give us any regular Tufcan Order for a Standard.

M. Terrauit obferves, that the Characters of the Tufcan

are nearly the fame with thofc of the Doric ; and adds,

that the Tufcan is, in efTefl, no other than the Doric, made

fomewhat llronger, by the ftiortning of the Shaft of the

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