Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/920

 TUM

And according to the Nature of the Humour fo difcharged, whether Sanguinous, Watery, Bilious, &c. the Tumor is different.

Other Tumors there are, occasioned by Flatulency, as the Tympany, after the fame Manner as hydropical iumm are occafioned by a Collection of the Lymphs, or Serum, in a particular Parr.

Ruptures ot the Inteftines, or their ftarting from their Places, will likewife caufe a Tumor. See Rupture.

External Injuries are another general Cauie of Tumors. — Thus a Contufion, or a violent Stricture of any Part, a Wound, Fracture, Diflocation, &c. will make it fwell, or rife above its natural Level. And the fame thing may like- wife happen from the Bites of venomous Creatures, &c. See Wound, Ulcer, Contusion, Bite, $$c.

Tumors, properly fo call'd, i.e. Humoral Tumors, or thofe which contain a fluid Matter, arife either from a Stagnation, i.e. an Obstruction of the PafTage of fume Fluid, occafioning a flow Congeftion j or aTranflation or Fluxion of an Humor from ibme ether Part 5 or a Generation of fome new Humor. See Humor.

Tumors of the firft Kind are very numerous, and are ufually divided, with regard to the particular Humors they arefilled with, into Phlegmons, which come from the Blood. See Phlegmon and Blood.

Eryjipeltfs, which are filled with the Bile. See Erysipelas and Bile. OedewasBVd with Pituita. See Oedema andPiTuiTA. And Schirrus's with Melancholy. See Schirrus. To which may be added, Flatulencies, fiU'd with Wind. See Flatulency, &c.

Of the fecond Kind, are critical Tumors. See Critical. And of the third Kind, are Cancers, Ganglia's, and all Tumors conrain'd in a Cyftis or Bag. See Cancer, Ganglio, &c.

Tumors alfo frequently acquire peculiar Denominations from the Part affected, as Ophthalmia, if in the Eye 5 'Paro- tides about the Ears $ Taronichia in the Fingers, {J/c See Ophthalmia, &c.

With refpect to the Cure, all Tumors are diviiible into Simple and Compound, U e. into fiich as are of a kindly Nature, and go off, or arc cured in a reafonable Time, by the ufe of common Means, without the Appearance of any ■violent or dangerous Symptoms ; and fuch as are more malig- nant, or prove difficult of Cure, and are attended with bad Symptoms, and afFect the adjacent Parrs, or the whole Body. — When a Tumor is formed by Fluxion, a fudden Pain, Hear, Tenfion and Puliation are felt in the Part, and manifeil Signs of a Fever appear.

In thofe form'd by Congeftion, the Swelling rifes (lowly, and the Pain, and other Symptoms, come on gradually, and prove lei's violent ; unlefs it happen in the Joints, and other of the more fenfibie Part?,

All Tumors, except thofe from Ruptures, terminate or are removed, either by Difcuffion, Suppuration, Putrefaction, Induration, or Translation. See Discutient, Suppura- tive, $$c.

When a Tumor is dikuffed, the Part that was affected, appears relaxed, or reduced to its natural Size and Figure, and is free from Pain and Hardnefs. See Discussion.

When a Tumor haflens to Suppuration, a confiderable Degree of Heat, Pain and Pulfation are felt in the Part, and if the Tumor be large, or lie deep, a Fever generally comes on : When the Matter is formed, thefe Symptoms commonly decreafe, and fometimes totally vanifh. And now, it the Situation of the Parts permits of it, the Tumor appears drawn to a Point, or becomes Conical in the Middle, or moll: depending Parr, where the Matter collected commonly proves White. -— At this Time, likewife, the Tumor ap- pears to be more contracted, and the Skin of the Part more fhrivelled or flaccid than before : And now, upon Preffurc, if the Tumor be fuperficial r or by vibrating it between the Fingers, the Matter may be felt to quafh. from Side to Side. See Suppuration.

Tumors in the flefhy Parts of the Body, tend to their State, or fuppuratefafter than Tumors in the Joints, Glands,

&C. . . _

When a Tumor is refblved by Induration, the Swelling of the Part, and the Pain decreafe, as the Hardnefs comes on.

When it terminates in Putrefaction or Mortification, the

Part grows fenfelefs, and turns black and fcetid. See Mor- tification.

But when a Tumor goes off by Repulfion, or a Return of the Matter into the Blood, it difappears at once; upon which a Fever, or fome other acute Difeafe prefently enfues. See Repellent,

Windy Tumors, M. Littre defcribes as form d of Air, in- clofed under fome Membrane, which it dilates more or lefs in proportion to the Quantity, and from which it cannot cfcape ; at lead not for fome time.

TheDifficulty is, to conceive how the Air fhould come

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TUN

to be coHeaect here, — M. Littre thinks that the molt or- dinary Caufe of windy Tumors, is the gathering of Juices in tome neighbouring Part, wherein there is an Obftrufli- on. I he Air which is intimately tnix'd with all the Juices of the Body, continues to be fo while they are in their na- tural Fluidity and Motion ; but if they be collected in any Part, and, by Confequence, have their Motion and Fluidity diminilhed, the Air gets its Liberty, and difengages itfelf from them. Now the Membranes of the Part wherein the Liquor is collected, becoming dilated by this Colkaion, and their Pores enlarged ; the dilengaged Air dcapes through them; but the Juice is left behind, as being too much thick- ned by its flay there : It therefore runs under fome other neighbouring Membrane, which it raifes, fwells and ex- tends.

TUN or Ton, originally fignifies a large Veffel or Cask of an oblong Form, biggell in the Middle, and diminilllmg towards its two Ends ; girt about with Hoops ; and ufed to put up fevetal kinds of Merchandizes in, for their better Carriage ; as Brandy, Oil, Sugar, Skins, Hats, i£ci

The Term is alfo ufed for certain Veffels of extraordinary Bignefs, fetving to keep Wine in for feveral Years. — In Germany, there are many fcarce ever emptied : The Heidel- berg Tun is famous.

Some detive the Word from Aummnus, in regard 'tis then Tuns are moft needed : Da Ctuige deduces it from Tuima or Tonna, Words ufed in the bale Latin, for the fame thing ; whence alfo Tunnare to Tun.

The Tun, we frequently calla Hcgfiead. See Hooshead.- Tun is alfo a certain Mealure, for Liquids, as Wine, Oil, iSc See Measure.

The Englifi Tun contains two Pipes or four Barrels, or 252 Gallons.

The Tun of Amflerdam contains (, Aems or Ams ; the Aen^Ankers; the Anker 2 Stekans, the Stekan 16 Min- gles ; ii Stekans are equal to an Englifi Barrel or 63 Gallons. See Gallon.

The Tun of Bourdeaux and Bayonne contains four Barrels, equal ro three <Paris Muids. — At Orleans and Berry, it is about two 'Paris Muids. SeeMuiD.

The tun of Malaga, Alicant, Sevil, £?c. is two Bottes, equal to about 36 or 37 Stekans. — The Tun of Lisbon is two Tcmigueze Bottes, equal to 25 Stekans.

Tun is alio a certain Weight, whereby the 'Contents of Ships, l£c. are eilimated. See Weight.

The Sea Tun is computed to weigh Two thoufand Pounds, or Twenty Quintals or Hundreds Weight ; fo that when we lay a Veffel carries Two hundred Tuns, we mean 'tis able to carry Two hundred times the Weight of Two thoufand Pounds, i. e. Four hundred thoufand Pounds : It being found, by a curiousOblervation, that the Sea Water, whole Room the Veffel fills, when full loaden, weighs lb much. See Burthen.

To find the Burthen and Capacity of a Ship, they mea- fure the Hold or Place where ihe is loaden 5 allowing 42 Cubic Feet to the Sea Tan. See Hold.

The Price of Freighr, or Carriage of Merchandizes, is ordinarily fettled on the Foot of the Sea Tun : And yet, though the Tun is Twenty hundred Weighr, there is iome Difference made therein, either on account of the Weight or Cumberlbmneis or Bulk of the Commodities, the Space they take up, or the like. See Freight.

Accordingly, at Bourdeaux, four Barrels of Wine are held a Tun ; five Barrels of Brandy are eilimated two Tuns 5 three of Syrop are one Tun; four Barrels of Prunes, one Tun ; two Dozen of Walnut-tree Tables, one Tun ; a Dozen of Planks one Tun; Twenty Bufliels of Chelhuts are ac- counted one Tun ; and the like of Wheat or other Grain : Ten Bales of Cork ; Five Bales of Feathers, and Eight of Paper, make each one Tun.

A Tun or Load of Timber, is 40 folid Feet, if the Timber be round : If it be hew'd, or fquare, 50. See Timber.

Tun, Ton, in the end of Words or Names of Places, fignify a Town, Village, or dwelling Place ; from the Savon, Tun, Sepes, Vallum, Villa, Vicus, Oppidum ; and this from the Saxon Thun, i. e. an Hill, where they formerly built Towns. See Town.

Tvs-Greve, from the Saxon, Tungerieva, q. d. Villa prtc- poflttts, a Tetm anciently ufed for a Reeve or Bailiff, qui in Villis, & qu<e dicimus Maneriis, Domini perfonam fujlinet, e'mfque vice omnia difponit C? moderatur. Spelman. See Greve.

TUNE or Tone, in Mulic, is that Property of Sounds whereby they come under the relation of Acute and Grave to one another. See Gravity, £5?c.

Though Gravity and Acutenefs be mereTerms of Relation, yet the Ground of the Relation, the Tune of the Sound, is fomething abfolute ; Every Sound having its own proper Time, which muft be under fome determinate Meafure, in the Nature of the Thing.

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