Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/898

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to aVoid the Enemies Shot j and the Pioneers are likewife uiiially eover'd with Mantelets, or SauciffonS;

They lay, Mount the Trenches, that is, go upon Duty in them : To Relieve the 'Trenches, is to relieve iuch as have been upon Duty there.

The Enemy is laid ro have clear'd the Trenches, when they have driven away or kill'd the Soldiers who guarded them.

The Tail of the Trench, is the Place where it was begun ; and the Head that to which it is carry'd. See Head.

To Trench the Ballafi, is a Sea Phraie, fignifying to divide the Ballaft into leveral Tenches in a Ship's Hold. See Ballast.

TRENCHE, in Heraldry. See Tranche.

TRENCHING 'Plough, is an Inftrument for cutting out the Sides of Trenches and Drains, or the Sides of Turf, t£c. See Plough.

TRENTAL, Trigintal, or Tricennal, a Romip Office for the Dead, confuting of thirty Maffes, rehears'd for thirty Days after the Party's Death : Thus call'd from the Italian, trenta, triginta, thirty,

'Tis mention 'd Anno frimo Ed. VI. Et volo, ci? ordino, quod Executores <nei ordmant feu ordinate factum unum Trental fro faliite Animte mete.

TREPANUM, a Chirurgeon's Inftrument, call'd alfo Anabaftifon and Modiolus. See Modiolus, &C

It is in Fotm of a Tcrebra or Wimble, only the Handle indented fomewhat in Manner of a round Saw.

Its Ufe is for the Cure of Wounds, Contufions, and Fra- ctures of the Cranium, when rhdy don't go beyond the le- cond Table ; for by means hereof, an Amputation or Exfo- liation is made of what Part, or Quantity of a Bone one pleafes. See Cranium, Fracture, Trefanning, &c.

Ir has ufually a fharp Nail in the Middle of its Circum- ference, ferving to keep it firm and fteady during the Ope- ration. — It fliould alfo have a kind of Cope to rife and fall as Occaiion requires, rhat it mayn't go deeper in the Bone than is neceffary.

There are alio two-pointed Trefans, others Triangular, Quadrangular, and Hexagonal, for rhe Cure of Caries's of the Bones. — There are alfo perforative Trefans, and exfo- liative ones.

TREPANNING, in Chirurgery, the Operation of re. lieving Cuts, Contufions, Corruptions and Fractures in the Scull ; by means of an Inftrument call'd the Trefamtm. See Trepanum.

Trefanning is a very dangerous and difficult Operation ; not to be us'd, unlefs when the Chips and Prominences of the Bones prick ; when the upper Table is entire, but de- prefs'd, and the lower broken ; and when the extravafated Blood would endanger the Perlbn's being fuffocated. See Cranium. .

The Manner of Trefanning, or Opening the Scull, is thus :• The Hairs being fhaven off, the Skin is to be cut thro' to the Pericranium, avoiding, as much as poflible, the Muliles of the Temples, and the Sututes of rhe Scull : And for this Time the Wound is to be bound up, unlefs there be- fo little Blood Ipilt, that the Pericranium may at the fame time be pull'd up from the Bone.

After a few Hours, ftop the Patient's Ears, and take one of the Inllruments call'd a Male Trefamtm, or Modiolus: ■: fix its Point in the Skull, but fo tar off the Fracfure, that it touch it not, much leis the Suture, with its Teeth ; tho' fome Surgeons don't mind to avoid the Sutures, but affure us, they have perforated rhem as fuccefsfully as any other Parr.

Then, holding the Inftrument faft with the left Hand, turn it round with the right, till you have cut a prerry deep Hole : After this take a Female Trefamtm, which has no Point in the Middle, and turn it round as before : In the mean time, take away the Duft or Chips that proceed from the Perforation, and moiften the Inftrument in Oil and Wa- ter ro make it cool and flippery.

The Blood appearing, will fhew you are now gone as deep as the fecond Table, i. e. beyond the Skull, to *he Dura Mater; in which Cafe you muftprefs very gently, left that Membrane be unadviledly hurt.

When the Bone begins to wag, put fbmething in between the Sides of the Wound ; le-ofen it, and take it out with a Pair of Surgeons Pincers or Forceps.

After the Operation is over, the Part is to be wafh'd gent- ly with weak red Wine ; and proper Dreflings apply'd there- on as Honey of Role?, Arccus Limmenr, Oil of Sr. John's Wort, (yc.-~ If 'he Dura Mater be corrupted, add, as I cca- (ion requires, Spirits of Wine, Tincture of Myrrh and Aloes, Venice Turpentine, Honey, jEgyptiacum, «?c.

Mr Chefelden takes Notice, that the Sinus's and Spine in the Os Frontis, make it very dangerous, if not impraa.ca- ble, to apply a Ttcpanum to the middle and lower Part of

the Forehead. .',,,.'. t- t i r

TREPIDATION, in Medicine, a Tremor, or Trembling

of the Members and Nerves of the Body. See Tremob. The firft Symptom of Madnefs in Dogs, is a Trefidatton

of the Members, &. See Hvdrophobra.

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Trepidation, in the ancient Agronomy, is a LibraticM of the eighth Sphere h or a Motion which the VtolomaiG Syftem attributes to the Firmament, to account for certain almoft inienfible Changes and Motions obferv'd in the Axis ot the World ; by means whereof the Latitudes of the fix'd Stars come to be gradually chanted, and the Ecliptic ieeffls to approach reciprocally, fir II towards one Pole,- then the other. See Ptolumaic, &c.

This Motion is alio call'd the Motion of the firft Libration, See Libration.

TRESPASS, in Law, fignifies anv Tranfgrefilon of the Law, under Treafon, Felony, or Milp ri iion of Treafon, See Transgression.

For a Lord of Parliament to depart from thence wirhout the King's Licence, is neither Treaibn nor Felony, but Tref- fafst Staiiv.dfcrd 'PI. Ccr.

The Word "frejpafs, however, is generally us'd either for that Wrong or Damage which is done to the King in his Foreft, or by one private Man to another.

According to this Signification, it is of two Sorts, Fref- pafs general*-, orherwife call'd 'Trefpafs vi & armis, where Force or Violence is us'd: And "Irefpifs fpetia!, otherwilb call'd Trefpafs -upon the Cafe $ which fhould be that dond wirhout Force. — But the two are ("ometimes confounded,

In an ASion of trefpafs, the Plaintiff always fues for Damages, or the Value of the Hurt done him by the De- ' fendant. See Damages.

There is alio Trefpafs local and Trefpafs tranfltory^

Trefpafs local is that which is fo annex'd to the Place cer- tain, that if the Defendant join IfTue upon a Place, and tra- verle the Place mention'd in the Declaration, and aver h - 7 it is enough to defeat the Action.

Trefpafs iranfitory, is that which cannot be defeated by the Defendants Travede of the Place, becauie the Place is not material. See Traverse.

The Action of Trefpafs, quare clanfum fregit, ouglit to be local.

TRESSURE, in Heraldry, a Diminu- tive of an Orle? ufually fjppos'd to be half the Breadth thereof See Orle.

It is uiiially born fiory, and counter- fiory ; and ibmetimes double, as in rhe Figure adjoining ; and iometimes triple.

TRESTLE, of the French Trefleau, is explain'd by JWnfte-w to be three Stools, or a three-looted Stool 5 particularly a wooden Frame to bear up Tables, Scaffolds, Sgfc,

TRET, in Commerce, an Allowance made for the Wafle or the Duff: that may be mix'd with any Commodity ; which is always 4 Pounds in every 104 Pounds Weight. See Tare.

TREVE de Dieu, Trevia, Treuvia, Treuga, or Tri/ga T)ei, a Phraie famous in the Hiftories of the Xlth Century; when the Dilbrders and Licences of private Wars between particular Lords and Families, oblig'd the Bifhops of Fra?:ce to forbid iuch Violences within certain Times, under Cano- nical Pains,

Thoie Intervals they call'd Treve de c Dieu> q. d. Truce of God, a Phraie frequent in the Councils iince that Time, See Truce,

The firft Regulation of this Kind was in a Synod held in the Diocefe of Elm in RottJJjllcn, Anno 1027, where it was enacted. That throughout that County, no Perfon fhould attack his Enemy from the Hour of Nones on Saturday, to that ot Primes on Monday, that Sunday might have its pro- per Honour: That no Body fliould attack, at any Time, a. Religious or Prielf. walking unarm'd, nor any Peribn going to Church, or returning from the fame, or walking with Wo- men : That no Body fliould attack a Church, or any Houfe within thirty Paces around it. — The whole under Penalty of Excommunication, which, at the End of three Months, was converted into an Anathema.

TRIA prima, among Chymifts, the three Hypoftatical Principles, viz. Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury ; of which they hold all Bodies to be primarily made, and into which they are all held reiblvable by Fire. See Principle and Element. See alfo Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury. ,

TRIAD, Trias, tox&s, a Term iometimes us'd for a Trinity. See Trias.

TRIAL, in Law, the Examination of any Caufe, whether Civil or Criminal, according to the Laws of the Realm, be- fore a proper Judge. See Cause and Proof.

Of this there are divers Kinds: Matters of Faft, e.gr. being to be trtfd by the Jurors ; Matters of Law by the Ju- stices ; Matters of Record by the Record itfelf. See Jury, Judge, Justice, Record, &c.

A Lord of Parliament indiifed of Treafon or Felony, fliall be try'd, without any Oath, by his Peers, upon their Honours and Allegiance 5 but in Appeal, at the Suit of any Subjecl, they fhatl be try'd per bouos $$ legates homines. See Peer.

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