Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/897

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high at lead, and five or fix Inches thick at Bottom, and three or tour at Top j the Bark pretty imooth and ihining, as a Token of their Youth, and of the good Soil they grew in. See Transplanting, Nursery, &c.

THvarf Trees, are fuch as are kep: low, and never luffer'd to have above half a Foot in Stem. — Thefe are us'd to be kept vacant or hollow in the Middle, that the Branches fpreading round about the Sides, may form a kind of round Bowl or Bum. See Dwarf.

Wall Trees, are thole whole Branches are ftretch'd our, and nail'd againft Walls. See Wall and Espalier.

For Dwarf and Wall Trees, iuch are to be chofe out of the Nurfery for Tranfplantation as are flraight, and confifl of a fingle Stem, and a finale Graft, rather than two or three Grafts in leveral Branches : Their Thickneis at Bot- tom fliould be two or three Inches.

Fruit Trees, are fiich as bear Fruit. See Fruit.

"Timber Trees, are thofe whofe Trunks are tall and ftraight, whereof Beams, Malts, $$c. are us'd to be made. See Timber.

Coniferous Trees, are thofe whofe Fruit is of a conical Figure, as the Pine, Fir, Larch, &c. See Coniferous.

Thele are alio call'd Refwifcrous, by realbn Coniferous Trees are generally cover 'd with a Bark that abounds in Refin.

Mr. Ray, and other Authors, Ipeak of leveral Trees of prodigious Bulk. — The Jefuit d'Accfta, in his Hiflory of the Indies, lib. iv. c. 3. mentions a hollow Tree at Tlococharaya, three Leagues from Gauxa in New Spain, nine Fathom with- in-fide near the Ground, and fixteen without-fide. He adds, that 'tis under this Tree the Barbarians affemble to perform their religious Ceremonies, dance round their Idols, <&c. — Herrera mentions another, which fixteen Men, joining Hands, cannot fathom. — F. Kircher, in his Latium, p. 50. affirms, he has feen a Tree near Gonzano, which would lodge a whole Family of 25 Perfuns in its Cavity. The common People have a Tradition, that it was planted by Augnftzts.

In the Indies there are very large Forefts confining only of one fingle Tree, whole Branches falling to the Ground, take Root, and put forth new Trees : The Fig Tree and Pa- retuvier are of this Kind.

M. Lonvillier mentions Trees in Tern, one Part of whofe Branches produce Fruit one half the Year, and the other Part the other half.

In China is a Tree which bears Tallow, whereof that Na- tion make their Candles. See Tallow.

There are two or three very remarkable Phenomena in the Growth of Trees, which have efcap'd the Obfervarions of the Naturaliffs of all Ages, except thofe of our own: Thefe are the Perpendicularity of their Trunks, or Stems, to the Horizon 5 and the Parallelifm of their Tufts to the Spot of Earth they grow on. An Account of each, fee under the Articles Perpendicularity and Parallel- ism.

For the Planting, Tranfplantwg, Semination, Pruning, Felling, Grafting, &c. of Trees $ fee the refpeftive Articles, Planting, Transplanting, Semination, Pruning, Felling, Grafting.

Mr. Ray d i It ingui fries the Trees and Shrubs of our native Growth in England, into, I. Such as have their Flower dif- join'd, and remote from the Fruit. Thefe are,

i°. Nuciferous ones, or fuch as bear Nuts; as the Walnut Tree, the Hazle-nut Tree, the Beach, the Chefnut, and the common Oik. See Nut.

2 . Coniferous ones, or fuch as bear a fquammous- or fcaly Fruir, of a kind of Conical Figure, and of a woody or hard Subffance, in which are many Seeds, which, when they are ripe, the Cone opens or gapes in all its leveral Cells or Partitions, and lets them drop out : Of this Kind are the Scotch Firs Male and Female 5 the Pine, which in our Gardens is call'd the Scotch Fir 5 the common Alder Tree, and the Birch Tree.

g°. Sacciferous ones, or fuch as bear Berries 5 as the Juni- per and Yew Tree. See Bacciferous.

4 . Lanigerotts ones, or fuch as bear a woolly, downy Subltance; as the black, white, and trembling Poplar, Wil- lows, and Ofiers of all Kinds.

$°, Such as bear their Seeds, (having an imperfect Flower) in leafy Membranes and Cafes 5 as the Hornbeam, or Hard- beam, call'd, in fome Places, the Hornbeech.

II. Such as have their Fruits and Flowers contiguous 5 which are either with the Flower plac'd on the Top of the Fruit, or adherina to the Bafe or Bottom of the Fruit.

Of the former Kind, fome are Pomijerolts, as Apples and Pears ; and fome 'Bacciferous, as the Sorb or Service Tree, the White or Haw-thorn, the wild Role, Sweet-brier, Cur- rants, the great Bilberry-bum, Honeyfuckle, Ivy, ££ c.

The latter Kind are either fuch as have their Fruit moiffc and loft when ripe, as i°. Pruniferous ones, whofe Fruit is pretty large and foft, with a Stone in the Middle, as the black Thorn or Sloe Tree., the black and white Bullace Tree, the common wild Cherry, the black Cherry, £#r.

i°. Sacciferous ones ; as the Strawberry Tree in the Weft of Ireland, Mifletoe, Water-Elder, the Dwarf, a large Lau- rel, the Viburnum or way-faring Tree, the Dogberry Tree, the Sea black Thorn, the Berry-bearing Elder, the Privet, Barberry, common Elder, the Holly, the Buckthorn, the Berry-bearing Heath, the Bramble, and the Spindle Tree or Prickwood.

Or fuch as have their Fruit dry when ripe ; as the Blad- der-Nut Tree, the Box Tree, the common Elm and Afh, the Maple, the Gaule or Sweet Willow, common Heath- Broom, Dyers Weed, Furze or Gorle, the Lime Tree.

Tiiaua's Tree, Arbor T)iance, among the Chymilfs, is a kind of Vegetation of Mercury, which after a long Procels Jhoots out into Branches, with the Appearance of Leaves, and even Flowers. See Diana'j" Tree.

Arbor Martis, or Tree of Mars, is another very lingular Vegetation, firit difcover'd accidentally by the younger Le- mery. See Vegetable.

The Manner of the Uifcovery was this : On a DifToluti- on of Iron-filings in Spirit of Nitre, contain'd in a Glafs, he pour'd Oil of Tartar per Deliquium ; Upon this the Li- quor fbon fweU'd very confiderably, tho' with a very final! Fermentation 5 and was no looner at relt, than there arofe a Sort of Branches adhering to the Surface of the Glafs, which continuing to grow, at length cover'd it all over.

The Form ot the Branches was fo perfecr, that one might even difcover a kind of Leaves and Flowers thereon 5 fo that this Vegetation has as good a Title to the Appellation of Arbor Martis, as the former has to that of Arbor T)ian<e. See ffiftoir. Acad. Royal. An. 1706.

TREDDLE, or Treadle, Chalazia, in Natural Hifto- ry. SeeCnALAzzA, Egg, Cicatricula, &c.

TREMOR, Trembling, in Medicine, a Difeafe nearly akin to a Convulfion, wherein there is fomething of a con- vullive Motion accompanying a voluntary or natural Motion. See Convulsion.

A Tremor is frequently found to arife upon the more vio- lent Pafiions, particularly, Anger, Gluttony, Venery, $$c. but this is accidental and tranfitory.

A Tremor is fometimes apt to degenerate into other worfe Difeales, viz. Palfey, Apoplexy, Lethargy, Spafmus, &c. In old Men it is incurable.

Tremor of the Heart. See Palpitation.

The Medicine commonly made ufe of in Tremors and other nervous Diflempers, by the Name of Palfey "Drops, is no other than compound Spirit of Lavender. The molt fuccefsful Way of tiling it, is by taking 30 or 40 Drops twice or thrice a Day, dropt on Loaf Sugar or a little Bread. — 'Tis fuppos'd, that by this Way the mod fpirituous and efficacious Parts make their Way direclly by the Nerves of the Fallat, Z$c. without undergoing the Courfe of the Cir- culation, as it is faid to do when taken in a liquid Vehicle.

TRENCH, a Ditch cut or dug in the Ground, to drain off the Waters in a Meadow, a Morafs, or the like 5 or to divert the Courle of a River.

Many of the Bogs in Irelandhuve been drain'd, and made good Ground, by only digging Trenches around them. See Bog.

Trenches, in Fortification, are Moats or Ditches, which. the Befiegers cut to approach more iccurely to the Place at- tack'd ; whence they are alfo call'd Lines of Approach. See Ditch, Approach, 1§c.

Thefe Trenches are of leveral Sorts, according to the Na- ture of the Soil ; for if the adjacent Territory be rocky, the Trench is only an Elevation of Bavins, Gabions, Wooll- packs, or Shouldrings of Earth, cafl round about the Place : But where the Ground may be eafily open'd, the Trench is dug therein, and border'd with a Parapet on the Side of the Befieg'd. See Parapet, &c.

The Breadth of the Trench is from eight to ten Foot, and the Depth from fix to leven 5 and 'tis cut in Talus, or aflope. See Talus.

The Trenches are to be carry'd on with winding Lines, in fome Manner parallel to the Works of the Fortrefs, 16 as not to be in View of the Enemy, nor to expofe its Length to their Shot, which they call Enfilading - 7 for then it will be in Danger of being Enfiladed, or fcoured by the Enemies Cannon : This carrying of the Trenches obliquely, they call carrying them by Cot/dees or Traverfes.

They call it Opening the Trenches, when the Befiegers begin to work upon the Line of Approaches, which is ufii- ally done in the Night, and fometimes within Musket-fhot, and fometimes within half, or whole Cannon-mot of the Place, if there be no rifing Ground about it, the Garrifbn ftrong, and their Cannon well ferv'd.

The Workmen that open the Trenches, are always fup- ported by Bodies of Men againft the Sallifs of the Befieg'd; and fometimes thofe Bodies lie between them and the Place, as alio on their Right and Left.

The Pioneers Ibmetimes work on their Knees 5 and the Men that are to fupport them lie flat on their Faces, in order

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