Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/890

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T R A

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The Word U compounded of the Lathi Prepofltion trans* beyond, further, and futido, I pour.

In the Preparations of Chymiitry and Pharmacy, there are

frequent Transfilfions of Liquors, Syrup, £$?c.

Transfusion of the 'Blood, is particularly us'd for the letting out the Blood of one Animal, fo as to be immediately receiv'd into the Body of another. See Blood.

Dr. Lower is ufually accounted the Inventor of this Trans- fufiou, and the Experiment faid to have been firft publickly made by him at Oxford in 1665, and the Defcription thereof rjublifh'd in his excellent Book de Corde.

Xet we are inform'd from good Hands, that it had been ropos'd at^Paris in 165% ; that another of our Countrymen ad had the Idea before; and that it had been known in Germany feveral Years. — 'Tis certain there is a Paffage in Libavius, wherein the Transfufion is exactly defcrib'd as now practis'd : 'Tis true he difapproves of it ; and only mentions it to ridicule it.

The Ufe mull naturally expected from the Operation, is, that one Animal may live of the Blood of another ; fo that thofe which want Blood, or have corrupt, morbid Blood, may be fupply'd from others with a fufficient Quantity, and of fuch as is good and laudable.

However, 'tis certain the Operation has no Place in the prefent Practice of Phyfic ; but whether that be the Fault of the Operation itfelf, or owing to the Indolence and Averfenefs of People to run into new Methods, we will not undertake to fay.

The Method of transfitfing, Dr. Lower gives us to the following Effect ; Take up the carotid Artery of the Dog, or other Animal whofe Blood is to be transfused into ano- ther of the fame, or a different Kind ; feparate it from the Nerve of the eighth Pair, and lay it bare above an Inch. Make a flrong Ligature on the upper Part of the Artery ; and an Inch nearer the Heart another Ligature with a running Knot, to be loofen'd and faften'd as'Occailon requires. Draw two Threads between the two Ligatures ; open the Artery, >ut in a Quill, and tye up the Artery again upon the Quill y the two Threads, and flop the Quill by a Stick.

Then make bare the Jugular Vein of the other Animal, for about an Inch and half in Length, and at each End make a Ligature with a running Knot ; and in the Space between the two Knots, draw under the Vein two Threads, as in the other.

Open the Vein, and put into it two Quills, one into the defcending Part of the Vein, to receive the Blood from the other Dog, and carry it to the Heart : The other Quill put intotheother Part of the Jugular, towards the Head, through which the fecond Animal's own Blood is to run into Di flies. The Quills thus ty'd fart, flop them up with Sticks till there be occafion to open them.

Things thus difpos'd, fatten the Dogs on their Sides to- wards one another, in fuch Manner, as that the Quills may go into each other : Then unftop the Quill that goes down into the fecond Dog's Jugular Vein, as alfo that coming out of the other Dog's "Artery ; and by the Help of two or three other Quills put into each other, as there fhall be occasion, infert them into one another.

Then flip the running Knots, and immediately the Blood runs through the Quills as through an Artery, very impe- tuouily.

As the Blood runs into the Dog, unftop the Quill 3n the upper Part of his Jugular, for his own Blood to run out at, tho' not conftantly, but as you perceive him able to bear it, till the other Dog begin to cry, and faint, and at laft die.

Laftly, Take out both Quills out of the Jugular, tye the running Knot fait, and cut the Vein afunder, and few up the Skin :"The Dog thus difmifs'd, will run away as if nothing ail'd him.

In the Thilofophical Tranfaclions, we have Accounts of the Succefs of various Iransfujbns practis'd at London, "Paris, in Italy, cVc. Sir Edmund King transfused 49 Ounces of Blood out of a Calf into a Sheep ; the Sheep after the Ope- ration appearing as well and as ftrong as before.

Mr. Coxe transfused 14 or 16 Ounces out of a mangy into a found Dog : The Effect was, that no Alteration was ob- ierv'd in the found Dog, but the mangy one was cur'd.

Wi.Gayant transfused the Blood of a young Dog into the Veins of an old one almoft blind with Age, and fcarce able to ft'tr ; which yet, two Hours afterwards, leap'd and frisk'd about.

M. "Denistransftis'd the Blood of three Calves into three Doos which all continu'd brisk, and eat well as before. — The fame Perfon transfused the Blood of four Weathers into a Horfe 16 Years old, which thence receiv'd much Strength, and a more than ordinary Appetite.

At St. Gnffoni's at Udine, the Blood of a Lamb was trans- fm'd into the Veins of a Spaniel n Years old, which had been quite deaf for three Years, and fo feeble as fcarce to be able to walk at all. — After the Operation he leap'd from the Table, and went about the Houfe to feek his Matters. — Two Days afterwards he ran up and down the Streets with

Writ ufually call'd

other Dogs : His Stomach grew ftrong, and he recovered his Hearing.

TRANSGRESSION, Tranfgreffio, an Ofifcnce againft fome Law, or a Breach or Violation thereof. See Law.

The Term is chiefly us'd in refpeft of the Laws of God. In the Doctrine of Original Sin, all Mankind are fuppos'd to Jhare with Adam in the Guilt of his firft Tranfgreffmu See Original &';?. ^

Mofes threatens the Tranfgrejfin of his Law with abun- dance of Temporal Punifhmcnts. See Punishment.

The Word js compounded of trans, beyond, and gradm\ to go.

Transgressions, in our Law, a Writ or Action of Trefpafs.

Of this Fitzherbert has two Sorts : One Vicountial, thus call'd becaufe directed to the Sheriff, and not returnable ■> but to be determin'd in the County. See Vicountial.

Its Form differs from that of the other j as wanting the Words quare vi '& armis, ike.

The other is term'd a Writ of 'Trefpafs, and to be fued in the Common c Pleas and Kwg's-Bsr.ch. See Trespass.

TRANS1RE, in Stat/ Anno 14. Car. II. is us'd for a Cuttom-houfe Warrant, or a Let-pafs ; from the Verb tranfeo t I go forth..

TRANSIT, Transitus, in Aftronomy, fignifies the Paf- fage of any Planer, juft by, or over any fix'd Star; and of the Moon, in particular, covering or moving over any other Planet. See Star and Planet.

Mercury, Venus, &c. in their 'Tranfits over the Sun, ap- pear like dark Specks. See Mercury and Venus.

The Word comes from the Latin, iranfire, to pafs over j form'd of trans and eo, I go beyond.

TRANSITION, in Mafic, is when a greater Note is broken into leffer, to make finooth the Roughnefs of a Leap, by a gradual Paffage to the Note next following j whence it is commonly call'd the breaking of a Note ; being fometimes very neceffary in Mulical Compoiitions. See Note and Passage.

Transition, in Rhetoric, (which fome will have to be a Figure ) tho' orhers, with ^uintilimi, deny it) is a kind of Connexion in Dilcourfc, whereby the feveral different Parts and Members thereof arejoin'd, fo as to conllitute one regular Whole.

F. de Colonia makes two Kinds of Tranfitions ; the one perfect, the other imperfect.

Aperfecl Tranfition, is fuch wherein we briefly intimate what is laid, and what remains to be faid ;■ as, Now that we have fpoke of War, there remains fomething to be faid of 'Peace. -- Satis tonka de Turpitudine : dicam deinceps, quod ■propofui, depericulo. — Uni Epijlofa refpondi : Venio ad al- teram. — Sed hac Vetera $ Mud recens 1 Ccefarem meo Confilio InterfeEtum.

An imperfeSl Tranfition, is fuch wherein only one of thefe is cxprefs'd ; as, Let us now confider the Confeqitences of, &c. laret hie locus ut dicerem de — fed finis fit ; neque enim free lachrymis jam loqui poffum ; & hie fe lachrymis de- fendi mqueat.

TRANSITIVE, in Grammar, an Epithet given to fuch Verbs, as fignify an Action which paffes from the Subject that does it, to, or upon another Subject which receives it. See Verb.

Under the Head of Verbs Tranfiti-ve, come what we ufu- ally call Verbs Active and Paffive : Other Verbs, whole Action does not pals out of themfelves, are call'd Neuters, and by fome Grammarians Intranfitives. See Neuter.

In the Hebrew, the Verb run, hajah, in the Greek, «,w, and in the Latin,fiim,arc Verbs purely Neuter or Tntranfitive ; or, as the Latin and Greek Grammarians more ufiiatly ex- prefs it, Verbs fubflantive, fignifying the mere Existence of the Thing, without the active or tranfitive Conjugations.

TRANSITORY, in Law, &c. a Term oppofue to Local, See Local.

TRANSLATION, the AS of transferring or removing a Thing from one Place to another. See Place.

As the Tranjlation of a Bifhop, a Council, a Seat of Juftice, a Parliament; the Tranfiation of the Relicks of a Saint ; the Tranfiation of the Empire, &c.

The Word is form'd of trans, beyond, and latio t otferre, to carry.

The Tranflations of Bifhops from or.e See to another, are prohibited by the Council of Nice, which renders them null, and appoints the tranfiated Bifhop to return to his former Church. — The Council of Sardica excludes tranfiated Bi- fhops from Communion. Ir had been obferv'd, that no Bi- fhoD was ever remov'd from a greater Church to a leflcr ; and'that thofe who thus quoted their Churches, only did it out of Ambition or Avarice.

This Difcipline was obferv'd for 900 Years 5 and the flrft Inflance of any Tranfiation of Note, was that of Pope For- mosa, who was Bifhop of "Porto. One of his Succeffors took hold of this Pretence to have him taken out of his [ N n n ] Grave - 7