Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/881

 TO P

t 224 ]

TOR

A Blifter apply'd behind one or both Ears, feldom fails to •cure the Tooth-ach, elpecially when attended with a hot De- fluxion of Humours, and fwellmg of the Gums, Face, &c. Liniments of Ointment of Marfhmallows, Alder, &c. mix'd with Rum, Brandy, or Spirit of Wine, camphorated, are good, usd outwardly, to abate the Swelling.

Mr. Chefeldm menrions one cur'd of the Tooth-ach by ap- plying a fmall cauterizing Iron to the Anthelix of the Ear, after he had undergone Bleeding, Purging, Salivation, Se- tons, l$c. to no Purpoie : The Cafe was very remarkable 5 for when he was feiz'd with it, a Convulfion of that whole Side of his Face follow'd, whenever the Pain became acute, or he attempted to fpeak,

Scookins, in his Treatife of Butter, maintains, that there is no better Means of keeping the Teeth fair and found, than fjy Tubbing them over with Butter : An Opiate not much left diftafteful than that of the Spaniard** who wafh their Teeth every Morning with Urine.

To prevent and cure the Scurvy in the 'Gums, 'tis recom- mended to wafh the Mouth every Morning with Salt and Water 5 and to hinder the Teeth from fpoiling or growing carious, fome ufe only Powder of Hartfhom to rub the Teeth with, and then wafh the Mouth with cold Water : 'Tis al- ledg^d, this is preferable to other Dentifrices, on this ac- count, becaufe their hard Particles are apt to abrade that fine fmooth Polifh, with which the Surface of the Teeth is co- ver'd, and which is their Prefervative from the ill Effects of Air, Aliment, Liquors, &c. which occafion Ailments of the Teeth when wore off.

Dentifrices are ufually compounded of Powders of Harts- horn, red Coral, Bone of the Cuttle Fifh, burnt Alum, Myrrh, Dragon's Blood, £$c. Some commend Powder of Bricks, as fufficient to anfwer all the Intentions of a good Dentifrice. See Dentifrice.

TOPARCHY, a litrie State, or Signory, confiding only of a few Cities, or Towns 5 or a petty Country govern'd and poffefs'd by a Toparch, or Lord.

Judea was anciently divided into ten Toparchies. See 'Pliny, lib. $-. c. 14. and jfofeph. lib. 3. de Svl. Jud. lib. 5. c. 2, &c.

The Iaft mention'd Author calls the Cities of Azotes, Jam- ma, and ^Pftafaelides, which Herod left by Teftament to his Sifter Saloma, a Toparchy.

'Procopius only gives the Quality of Toparchy to the Kingdom of EdeJ/a^ to %gants, the Toparch or Lord where- of there is a Tradition, that jefus Chrift fent his Picture, with a Letter.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, 7tV©-, Place, and ap?$, Command, Government.

TOPAZ, a precious Stone; the third in Order after the D^:nond. See Precious Stone.

The Topaz is tranfparent; its Colour, a beautiful Yellow, or Gold Colour : It is very hard, and takes a fine Polifh.

It is the true Chryfblite of the Ancients f and is found in feveral Parts of the Indies, in Ethiopia* Arabia, 'Peru, and Bohemia. See Chrysolite.

The Oriental Topazes are moft efteem'd ; their Colour borders on the Orange : Thofe of Tern are fbfter, but their Colour mnch the fame : The Yellow of thofe of Bohemia is a little blackiih; they are the fofteftof all, and their Po- lifh the coarleft. Thofe of Madagascar were in much Efteem, but are now held good for little. _

Tavernier mentions a Topaz, in the PofTeffion of the Great Mogul, weighing 1^7 Carats, which coft 20300 Lib. Ster- ling": And'Soe'tnis de Sooty in his Treatife of precious Stones, affirms to have feen in the Cabinet of the Emperor Ruiolphzis, whole Phyiician he was, a Topaz above three Foot long, and fix Inches broad. Probably it might be fome Marble a little tranfparent, of a Topaz Colour.

The Topaz is eafily counterfeited ; and there are fictiti- ous ones, which, to the Eye, don't come behind the natural ones. t

If we might believe the Ancients, the Topaz has very no- table Virtues ; but thofe are now in Difcredit : And yet the Topaz is of fome Ufe in Medicine, reduc'd into an impalpa- ble Powder, and apply'd in Water* See Gem.

Some fay, it takes its Name Topaz from an Ifland in the Red Sea, of the fame Name, where it was firft found by Juba, King of Mauritania; but it was known to the He- brews before, as appears from the 118th Pfalm.

TOPHUS, in Medicine, a ftony Concretion in any Part of an Animal Body ; as in the Bladder, Kidneys, £=fc. (See Stone) or in the Joints, {$c. See Gout.

Dr. Rutty, in a Treatife, juft publifh'd, of the Urinary t PaJfages 1 takes the Stone to arife from the Attraction of volatile and faline Particles ; of which Particles the Stone, when view'd with a Microfcope, feerns to be made up : He thinks the Fault of thefe Aggregates of faline Particles, ought generally to be fuppos'd to begin in, or proceed from, the Papillae of the Kidneys, and not from the Sediment of Urine in the Bladder.

The Reafon why Wine-drinkers are more fubjefl to the

Stone, and other Concretions, than Malt or Water-drinker^ he fuppofes to be the volatile and faline, or earthy Particles contain'd in the Wine in greater Quantities than in the Ale, e$*c. A Calculus, he obferves, reduc'd to a Caput Mortuum, will, upon the AfFufion of warm Water, diffolve, and entirely mix 5 but in a fhort Time will again fettle, and the Particles thereof fo clofely unite or attract, as that, by repeated Afrufions, they cannot be Lrought again to diffulve. See

LlTHONTRlPTIC.

TOPIC, in Rhetoric, a probable Argument, drawn from the feveral Circumftances and Places of a Fa6f, £Sfc. See Place, &c.

Topicks, or Topica, expreffes the Art or Manner of in- venting and managing a!) Kinds of probable Argumentations : Arijlotle has wrote Topicks ; and Cicero a kind of Comment on theniv to his Friend Trebatius, who, it feems, did not underftand them.

But the Criticks obferve, that the Topica of Cicero agree fo little with thofe eight Books of Topicks which pais under the Name of Arijlotle, that it follows necefTarily, either that Cicero was much liiiftaken $ which is not very probable $ or that the Books of Topicks attributed to Arijlotle, are not wholly his.

Ckero defines Topica, or Topice, to be the Art of finding Arguments, TJifriplim Invcmendorum Argimtentonim. See Argument.

Rhetoric is divided into two Parts, Judgment, call'd alfb T)ialecJice ; and Invention, c^WdTcpice. See Rhetoric.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, t^x©-, of ttotm. Place ; its Subject being the Places, which Ar/Jfotle calls the Seats-, of Arguments,

Topic, in Medicine. Topicks, or Topical Remedies, are what we otherwife call External Remedies, i e. fuch as are apply'd externally to fome difeas'd and painful Part. See Medicine.

Such are Plaifters, Cataplafms, Blifters, Unguents, Salves, Col!yriums, &c.

The Gout is never cur'd by Topicks : They may aflfuage the Pain for a Time - 7 but for a Cure, the Source of the Evil mufl be attack'd with Internals. See Gout. The Word is form'd from 7wrof, Place. TOPOGRAPHY, a Defcription or Draught of fome particular Place, or fome fmall TracT: of Land ; as that of a Manor or Tenement, Field, Garden, Houfe, Cattle, or the like ; fuch as Surveyors fet out in their Plots, or make Draughts of, for the Information and Satisfaction of the Proprietors. See Map, Surveying, £>c.

Topography differs from Chorography, as a Particular from more General ; Chorography being a Defcription of a Country, a Diocese, Province, or the like. See Choro- graphy.

The Word is form'd from tdW and yg$$u % I defcribe. TORCH, Teda, a Sort of Luminary ; being, properly, a kind of Staff, or Stick, of Fir, or other refinous and com- buftible Matter, as Pine, Linden, jWfa more, or lefs thick, and from feven to twelve Foot long; encompafs'd atone End with fix Wax Candles, which being lighted, yield a kind of gloomy Brjghtnefs. See Luminary.

Torches are usd in fome Church Ceremonies, particularly at the ProcefTions of the Holy Sacrament in the Ramip Church, and at the Interments of the poorer People.

Formerly they were us'd at the Funerals of thofe of the firft Rank 5 but Tapers and Flambeaux are now us'd in their ftead. See Flameeatj and Taper.

TORCULAR, or Torcularis, among Chirurgions, a Contrivance for flopping of Bleedings in Amputations. See Amputation.

Torcular Heropfcili, in Anatomy, a Name given to a Part in the Duplicatures of the Dura Mater 5 form'd of a Concourfe of a Branch of the longitudinal Sinus, with the lateral Sinus's. See Dura Mater and Sinus.

It has its Name Torcular from its refembling a Prefs or Screw; Herophili is added from the Difcoverer's Name.

TORE, Torus, in Archite&ure, a thick round Moulding us'd in the Bafes of Columns. See Base.

'Tis the Bignefs that diftinguifhes the Torus from the Ajtragal. See Astragal.

The Bafes of Tufcan and T)oric Columns have but one Tore, which is between the Plinth and the Liftel. In the Attic Bafe there are two 5 the tipper, which is the fmallerj and an under.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, ii&t, a Cable, where- of it bears fome Refemhlance ; or from the Tatin, Torus, a Bed, as being fuppos'd to reprefent the Edge of fuch Matters as fwell out wi h h the Weight of the incumbent Column.

It is alfb call'd a thick Baton 5 fometimes irs Contour re- fembles half a Heart ; in which Cafe it is call'd Baguette. See Baguette.

TOREUMATOGRAPHY, a Greek Term, fignifying the Knowledge, or, rather, the Defcription of ancient Sculp- tures, and Bafio-Relievo's.

The