Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/880

 TON

greater Tone-, 9: 10, call'd a hjjer Tenet, and 15: 16, Semitone.

The 7cHi?i arife out of the fimple Concords, and are equal to their Differences : Thus the greater Tom 8 : 9 is the Difference of a Fifth and a Footth .- The lejjer Tone 9: jo the Difference of alefferThird and Fourth, or of a Fifth and fixth greater : And the Semitone 1$: 16, the Difference of a greater Third and Fourth. See Semitone.

Of rhefe Tones and Semitones every Goncord is compound- ed, and conlequently is refolvable into a certain Number thereof: Thus, the leffer Third ennfifts of one greater Tone and one Semitone ; the greater Third of one greater Tone and one hjjer Tone. See Third.

The Fourth of one greater Tone, one lejfer Tone., and one Semitone. See Fourth.

The Fifth of two greater Tones, one hjjer Tone, and one Semitone. See Fifth, &c.

For the Ufe of thefe Tones, &c. in the ConftmBion of the Scale of Mi'.fic ; See Scale.

TONGUE, in Anatomy 1 r Lincua.

T ok ova-grafting > See ) Grafting.

ToxGvK-Tyed } ( Ranuea.

TONIC, in Medicine, is apply'd to a certain Motion of the Mufcles, wherein the Fibres being extended, continue their Extenfion in fuch Manner, as that the Part feems im- moveable, tho' in reality, it be in Motion. See Muscle.

■ Such is the Cafe in a Man ftanding, in Birds planing or fwimming thro' the Air, &C.

Galen fays, that the Mufcles a£l even when at reft 5 for after having made any Contraction to fix themfelves in a cer- tain State or Difpofition 5 the preferving of that Contracti- on is what we call the Tonic Motion.

The Word is form'd from the Greek Twew, to {ketch. TON I. se S T ™.

TONNAGES &ee ZTunnage.

TONSILS, in Anatomy, call'd alfo Amygdala, or Al- monds, are two round Glands, fituate near the Root of the Tongue, on each Side the Uvula, under the common Mem- brane of the Fauces, with which they are cover'd.

Each of them has a large oval Sinus, which opens into the Fauces, and in it are a great Number of leffer ones, which difcharge themfelves thro' the great Sinus, of a mu- cous and flippery Matter into the Fauces, Larynx, and Oefbphagus, for the moiftening and lubricating theft Parts. "When the Mufcle Oefophagxus afteth, it compreffeth the Tonfillce. See Amygdalae.

TONSURE, the Art or Aft of cutting the Hair, and fliaving the Head. See Hair.

The Tonfure was anciently a Mark of Infamy in 'France 5 infomuch, that when they would render any Prince incapa- ble of fucceeding to the Crown, they cut off his Hair, and fhav'd him.

The Word is form'd from the Latin, tondere, to fhave.

Tonsure, in the Romip Church, is us'd for the Entrance or Admiffion into Holy Orders. See Orders.

In Propriety, Tonfnre is the firft Ceremony us'd to devote a Perfon to God and the Church, by prefenting him to the Bifhop, who gives him the firft Degree of the Clencate, by cutting off Part of his Hair, with certain Prayers and Benedictions,

Some hold the Tonfure a particular Order ; others, as Loyfeait, only the Mark and Form of Ecclefiaftical Orders in general.

The Tonfure fuffices to make a Clerk : The reft is only to qualify him for the holding a Benefice.

A Perfon is capable of the Tonfure at feven Years of Age ; hence a Benefice of fimple Tonfure, is fuch a one as may be enjoy'd by a Child of feven Years old. The Tonfure is the Bafis of all the other Orders.

Tonsure is particularly us'd for the Corona, which Priefts, $$C. wear, as the Mark of their Order, and of the Rank they hold in the Church. See Crown.

The Barbers have the Meafures and Dimenfions of the different Kinds of Ton 'fires, or Clerical Crowns 5 to be pra- clis'd according to the different Degrees and Orders.

A Clerk's Tonfure, a Sub-deacon's Tonfure, a e Deacon' > & Tonfure, a Triefis Tonfure, are each fucceffively bigger than other.

Various are the Ceremonies and Cuftoms the Beard has been liable to : Kingfon affures us, that a confiderable Branch of the Religion of the Tartan confifts in the Management of their Beards 5 and that they wag'd a long and bloody War with the ^Perjans, and declar'd them Infidels, tho\ in other Refpefb, of the fame Faith with themfelves, merely becaufe they would not cut their Whiskers after the Mode or Rite of the Tartars.

Athenmis, from ChryfippW, obferves, that the Greeks al- ways wore their Beards till the Time of Alexander'? and that the flrft who cut it at Athens, ever after bore the Addi- tion of xoptntf, fhaven, in Medals. Plutarch adds, that A- Uxander commanded the Macedonians to be ihaven, left the

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TOO

Length of their Beards mould give a Handle to their Ene- mies : However this be, we find 'Philip, his Father, as well zsAmmas and Archelam, his Predeceffors. represented on Medals without Beards.

JPlmy obferves, that the Romans did not begin to fliave till the Year of Rome 454, when 3*. Ticinius brought over a Stock of Barbers from Sicily: He adds, that Scipio Africa- mis was the firft who introduc'd the Mode of fliaving every

Among that People, it became the Cuftom to haveVifits made in Form at the cutting of the Beard for the firft Time : The firft fourteen Roman Emperors fhav'd, till the Time of the Emperor Adrian, who retain'd the Mode of wearing the Beard. Plutarch tells us, he did it to hide the Scars in his Face,

Formerly there was a great deal of Ceremony us'd in bleffing the Beard 5 and there are ftill extant the Prayers us'd in the Solemnity of confecrating it to God, when an Ecclefiaftic was fhaven.

_ Perfons of Quality had their Children fhav'd the firft time by others of the fame, or greater Quality, who, by this Means, became Godfather, or adoptive Father of the Children. See Adoption.

Anciently, indeed, a Perfon became Godfather of the Child by barely touching his Beard : Thus Hiftorians relate, that one of the Articles of the Treaty between Alaric and Govt's was, that Alaric fhould touch the Beard of Clovis ta become his Godfather. See GoD-father.

As to Ecdefiaftics, the Difcipline has been very different on the Article of Beards ; Sometimes they have been en- join'd to wear them, from a Notion of too much Softneis and Effeminacy in fhaving. and that a long Beard was more fuitable to the Ecclefiaftical Gravity 5 and Ibmetimes, again, they were forbid it, as imagining Pride to lurk in a vencra> ble Beard.

The Greek and Romip Churches have been long together by the Ears about their Beards : Since the Time of their Separation, the Romnvifts fcem to have given more into the Practice of /having! by Way of Oppofirion to the Greeks 5 and have even made fbme cxprefs Conftitutions de radendis Barbis.

The Greeks, on the contrary, efpoufe very zealoufly the Caufe of long Beards, and are extremely fcandalia'd at the beardlefs Images of Saints in the Roman Churches.

By the Statutes of fbme Monafteries it appears, that the Lay Monks were to let their Beards grow, and the Priefts among them to fhave ; and that the Beards of all that were received into the Monafteries, were blefs'd with a great deal of Ceremony.

To let the Beard grow is a Token of Mourning in fome Countries, and to fliave it in others. Ze Comte obferves, that the Chinefe affeft long Beards extravagantly - 7 but Nature has balk'd them, and only given them very little ones, which, however, they cultivate with infinite Care : The Europeans are ftrangely envy'd by them on this Account, and efteem'd the greateft Men in the World.

The Ruffians wore their Beards till within a very few Years, when the late Czar enjoin' d them all to fhave ; but notwithftanding his Injunction, he was oblig'd to keep on Foot a Number of Officers to cut off by Violence the Beards of fuch as would not otherwife part with them.

Chryfojlom obferves, that the Kings of ^Perfia had their Beards wove or matted together with Gold Thread ; and fbme of the firft Kings of Trance had their Beards knotted and button'd with Gold. See Perruke.

TOOLS, are fimple Inftruments, us'd in the more obvi- ous Operations 9 and particularly in the making of other; more complex Inftruments. See Instruments.

Tools are divided into Edg'd Tools, Spring-Tools, 'Pointed- Tools, &c. See Steel and Tempering.

TOOTH. See Teeth.

TOOTH-ACH. SeeOoONTAi-GY.

The Tooth-ach ufually proceeds from a Caries which rots the Bone, and eats it hollow. For the Caufes, £$fc. of this Caries; See Teeth.

Sometimes it proceeds from a Defluxion of a fharp Mat- ter upon the Gums. For the Tooth-ach, a Pafle made of foft Bread, and the Seed of Stramonia, laid on the Tooth affecled> abates the Pain. If the Tooth be hollow, and the Pain great, a Compofition of equal Quantities of Opium, Myrrh, and Camphire, made up into a Pafte with Brandy or Spirits of Wine, and about a Grain or two put into the hollow Place, puts a Stop to the Caries, and blunts the acute Pain of the Nerve 5 by which it often gives immediate Re- lief.

Chymical Oils, as thofe of Origanum, Cloves, Tobacco, &c. are alfo of Service, deftroying, by their hot Cauftlc Nature, the Texture of the fenfible Veffels of the Tooth affefted ; tho', from too liberal an Ufe of them, frequent- ly proceeds a Defluxion of Humours, and Impoftuma* tion.

A Blifief