Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/879

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TON

fo low as the Feet ; and Gabinia, where one of the Skirts or Lappets was girt round the Body.

Sigonius diftinguifhes the Toga or R ornan Gowns into 'Pur a, Candida, Pullal' T>i&a, I'netexta, Trabea and Talluda- mentum. See Prjetexta, Paludamentum, fiffa. The Toga 'Ptira was alfo call'd Virilis. See Virile. The Jus Toga, or Right of the Toga, was the fame with the Right of a Roman Citizen, i. e. the Right of wearing a Roman Habit, of taking, as they explain'd it, Fire and Water through the Roman Empire. See Citizen.

TOILES, are Snares or Nets fet by Hunters for catching of wild Beafts.

TOILET, a fine Cloth, of Linnen, Silk, or Tapiftry, Jpread over the Table in a Bed-chamber or Drefling Room, to undrefs and drefs upon.

The Dreffing-Box, wherein are kept the Paints, Poma- tums, EfTences, Patches, &c. the Pin-cufhion, Powder-Box, Brumes, i£c. are efteem'd Parts of the Equipage of the La- dies 'Toilet.

That of the Men, confifts of a Comb-Cafe, Brufhes, &c. To make a Vint to one at his Toilet, is to come to entertain him while he is drcfling or undreffing.

Satin, Velvet, Brocade, Point de France, £$c. are now ordinarily us'd for Toilets j anciently they were much plainer ; whence the Name, which is form'd from the French \Toilette, a Diminutive of Toile, any thin Stuff.

TOISE, a Trench Meafure, containing fix of their Feet, or a Fathom. See Fathom ; fee alfo Measure.

TOISON d'Or ; is a Term in Heraldry for a Golden Fleece, which is fometimes borne in a Coat or Arms. See Golden Fleece.

TOL-BOOTH, or Toll-booth, a Place In a City where Goods are wcigh'd, to afccrtain the Duties or Imports thereon.

TOLERATION, in Religion, a Term which has made a great Figure in the Difputes among the Proteftants ; who have been exceedingly divided about the Meafures of Tolera- tion, or the Degrees to which Hereticks and Schifmaticks are, or are not, to be fuffer'd.

All who have reafon'd confiftently from the Principles of the Reformation, have been for Toleration ; as well perceiv- ing they had no Right to oblige any body to follow their particular Sentiments : but the Difficulty was, the fitting Bounds to this Toleration.

M. Safnage, and fome others, diftinguifh Civil Toleration from Ecckjiaftical. The latter allows of different, and even oppofite Sentiments t in the Church 5 and the firft permits them in Civil Society.

By Civil Toleration, is meant Impunity and Safety in the State, for every Seel; which does not maintain any Doctrine inconfiftent with the Peace and Welfare of the State. This Civil or 'Political Toleration, implies a Right of enjoying the Benefit of the Laws, and of all the Privileges of the So- ciety, without any Regard to Difference of Religion.

Ecclefiaftical Toleration, is an Allowance of certain Opinions, which not being Fundamentals, don't hinder thofe who pro- fefs them from JJeing efteem'd Members of the Church. But as to the Quality and Number of thefe Fundamental Points, they never could, nor, in all Probability, ever will, be agreed upon.

TOL, in Law, a Term fignifying to defeat, or take away ; from the Latin, tollere. Thus to tol the Entry, is to take away the Right of Entry.

TOLL, a.' Saxon Term, tho' deriv'd originally from the Zatin, tollere, to take away : It has two Acceptations,

1°. It denotes a Liberty to buy and fell within the Bounds of a Manor.

2°. A Tribute or Cuftom paid for PafTage, g$a See Pas- sage, Tribute, &C.

Some interpret it to be a Liberty, as well to take, as to be free from, Toll 5 for they who are enfeoffed with Toll, are Cuftom-free.

Of" this Freedom from Tell, the City of Coventry boafis an ancient Charter, granted them by Leofrick or Luriche, Earl of the Mercians, in Edward the Confeffor's Time, who, at the Importunity of Godevti his Lady, granted this Freedom to the City.

Some Records make mention of Toll-thoro, or Thur-toll, which is Money paid for Paffage in or through fome High- ways, or over Ferries, Bridges, l$c.

Toll Travers, for paffing over a private Man's Ground. TollTum, paid at the Return of Beafts from Fairs and Markets, tho* they were not fold.

By the ancient Law, the Buyers of Corn and Cartel in Fairs or Markets ought to pay Toll to the Lord of the Mar- leer, in Teflimony of the Contract: there lawfully made in open Market ; becaufe privy Contracts were held unlawful. See In-toll and Ut-toll.

TOMAN, or Touman, a kind of Money of Account, us'd among the e Perfians in the keeping of their Books, and to facilitate the Reduction of Money in the Payment of con- siderable Sums.

The Toman confifts of fifty AbalTi's, or a hundred Ma- moudi's, or two hundred Chayez, or ten thoufand Dinars; which amount to about three Pounds feven Shillings Six-pence Sterling. See Money.

2)' Herbelot derives the Word from the Language of the Moguls, where it lignifies the Number ten thoufand.

Ebeu Arabfchah lays, that the Word Touman, when us'd to exprefs a Weight, or Money, contains ten thouland Silver Arab Drachmas, calPd^M^/5 which are a Third lighter than the Attic. See Drachma.

The Moguls, £S?c. frequently ufe Toman for ten thoufand Men; and fay, e.gr. that the City Samarcand contains fe- ven "Tomans of People fit to bear Arms 5 and that of Andek- han nine Tomans.

TOMB, includes both the Sepulchre, wherein the Defunct is interr'd; and the Monument erected to prelerve his Memo- ry. See Sepulchre and Monument.

Among the Romans, none but the Emperors, Veftals, and Perfons fignahz'd by great Actions, were allow'd to have Tombs in the Cities ; the reft were all in the Country, near the High-Roads; whence thofe common Words, Sijie, t£? abi. Viator ; which are ftill retain'd in the Infcriprions of our Monuments in Churches, &c. tho' the Occafion be no more. See Viator.

At Anchiales is ft ill feen the Tomb of Sardampalus, with this Infcription in Verfe : Sardanapalus built Anchiales and Tarfus in one -Day % Go, TPaffenger, eat, drink, and be mer- ry ; the reft is nothing.

The Word Tomb is form'd from the Greek, tu[i$@-, Tu- muhis, Sepulchre; or, according to Menage, from the Latin, Tombe, which fignified the fame Thing.

The Romans had a kind of empty Tornb^ call'd Cenota- fhium, or an honorary Tomb, wherein no Deceas'd was laid. It was us'd to be built in Favour of Perfons perifhing at Sea, in remote Countries, $£c. where no Sepulture could be had.

The Occafion hereof was a fuperftitious Notion, that the Souls of thofe whole Bodies were not bury'd, wander'd an hundred Years by the Banks of the Rivers of Hell, e'er they were admitted to pafs over.

The KiyoTi!.$iov being made, the fame Ceremonies were practis'd as at real Funerals. The Cenotaphia were inferib'd with the Words ob Honorem, or Memorise Sacrum ; whereas other Tombs, wherein the Afhes were really depofited, were inlcrib'd D. M. S. q. d. Sacred to the Manes.

When the Words Tacito Omine were added, it declar'd the A flies inclos'd therein infamous for fome Crime.

TOME, is a bound Book 5 or Writing that makes a juft Volume.

All the Works of fuch an Author are compiled, and re- due'd into one, or more Tomes. There are 'Tomes in Folio, in Quarto, in Octavo, Duodecimo, ££?c.

The Councils printed in the Louvre are in XXXVII 'Tomes. Salmeron has wrote the Life of Chrift in XII Tomes. See Volume.

TOMENTUM, properly fignifies Flocks, or Locks of Wooll ; but by Botanifts is us'd for that fott downy Matter which grows on the Tops of fome Plants, hence denominated Tomentofa ; as, Gramcn Tomentofitm^ Carduus Tomentofus, ike.

M. WinJIo-iv obferves a kind of Tommtv.m in the fecrerory VefTels of the Glands ; and from this, accounts for the Se- cretion of the various Fluids from the Blood. See Gland and Secretion.

TONDIN, in Architeaure. See Tore.

TONE, or Tune, in Mufic, a Property of Sound, where- by it comes under the Relation of Grave and Acute ; or, the Degree of Elevation any Sound has, from the Degree of Swiftnefs of the Vibrations of the Parts of the funorous Body. See Sound.

For the Caufe, Meafure, Degree, Difference, $?c. of Tones. See Tune.

The Variety of Tones in human Voices, arifes partly from the Dimenfions of the Wind-pipe, which, like a Flute, the longer and narrower it is, the fharper is the Tone it gives; but principally from the Head of the Larynx, or Knot of the Throat, call'd Pomum Adami ; the Tone of the Voice being more or lefs grave, as the Rima, or Cleft thereof is more or lefs open. See Voice.

Tone, is particularly us'd in Mufic for a certain Degree or Interval of Tune, whereby a Sound may be either rais'd or lower'd from one Extreme of a Concord to the other ; fo as ftill to produce true Melody. See Interval and Concord.

Muficians, befide the Concords, or harmonical Intervals, admit three leffer Kinds of Intervals, which are the Mea- fures and component Parts of the greater ; and are call'd degrees : The Nature, Origin, Ufe, i$c. whereof, fee un- der the Article Degree.

Of thefe Degrees, two are call'd Tones, and a third a Semitone 5 their Ratio's in Numbers are 8 : 9, call'd a

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