Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 2.djvu/878

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maintain them. And as to Mendicants, they are ordained upon the Title of 'Poverty.

Thofe of the Houfe, and Society of the Sorbonne, are alfo ordained without any Patrimonial Title, and on the fole Title of Poverty ; it being fuppofed a Doctor of the Sorbonne can never want a Benefice. See Sorbonne.

TITUBATION, or Trepidation, in Aflronomy, a kind of Libration or Shaking, which the ancient Aftronomers attributed to the Cryftallin Heaven ; to account for certain Inequalities, which they obferved in the Motion of the Pianets. See Trepidation.

TITULAR orTiTutARY, aPerfon inverted witha Title, in Virtue whereof he holds an Office, or Benefice ; whether he perform the Functions thereof or not. See Op f ice and Benefice.

An Officer is always reputed Titular, till he have refigncd his Office, and the Resignation have been admitted.

In this Senfc, the Term is ufed in Opposition to Survivor, and to a Perfon only acting by Procuration or Commifiion. See Procurator, &c.

Titular is fometimes alfo applied adjectively, to a Perfon who has the Title and Right of an Office or Dignity ; but without having Poffeillon, or difcharging the Function there- of.

It is fometimes alfo ufed, abusively, for a Perfon who affumcs and pretends a Title to a Thing, without either a Right thereto, or a PofTeilion Thereof.

TMESIS, in Grammar, a Figure whereby a compound Word is Separated into two Parts ; and one or more Words interpos'd between them.

Thus, when Terence lays, £ii<g meo cunque animo lubitum eft facers, there is a Tmejis ; the Word qua'cunque being di- vided by the Interpofiiion of meo.

Lucrctitis abounds in Tmefes ; as Stepe falautatum tatlti frteterque mimman ■■ Or, Tsiffidio potis eft fejztngi fequegre- gari ; and, Tjifpt&tis difque gregatis.

The Word is form'd from the Greek, 76//l'«, I cut.

TOBACCO or Tabacco, a Medicinal Fterb, not known in Europe tiilaftcr the Difcovery of America by the Spaniards, and firft Imported about the Year 1560.

The Americans of the Continent call'd it Petv.n; thofe of the Iflands, Tali. The Spaniards, who gave it the Name Tabaco, took it ftom Tabaco, a Province of Jiicatan, where they firft found it, and firft learnt its Ufo.

The Trench, at its SirSt Introduction among thetrtj gave it "various Names ; as Nicotiana, or rhe Embajfador's Herb, from John Nicot, then Embaffador of Francis II. in Portugal, who broughr fome -ot it with him from Lisbon, and prefented it to a Grand Prior of the Houfe of Lorrain, and to Queen Catherine de Medicis ; whence it was alfo called Queens Herb and Grand Prior's Herb.

They alfo gave it other Karnes ; which are now all re- duced to the original Name Tobaco, or Tobacco, for Tabaco, given it by Hernandez de Toledo ; who firft fent it into Spain and Portugal.

Culture and Preparation of Tobacco.

Tobacco is cultivated in feveral Parts of America ; par- ticularly in the Caribee Iflands, Virginia, Sic. where they are forced to mix Allies with the Soil, to prevent its riling too thick.

After lowing, they water it every Day, and on very hot Days cover it up to ptevent its being Scotched by the Sun.

When 'tis rifen to a convenient Pitch, they tranfplant it, much as we do Lcttice, only at a Distance of three Feet, and in a Soil prepared with great Care : When re-planted, 'tis kept continually Weeding ; the Stem frequently cleans'd ; and the loweft Leaves and the Suckers it puts forth, taken off, that Ten or Fifteen of the fineSt Leaves may have all the Nourish- ment.

The Leaves thus reierved being ripe, which is known by their breaking when bent ; the Stalks are cut, and left to dry two or three Hours in the Sun ; after which they are tied two by two, and hung up on Ropes under a Shed to be dried by the Air.

When the Leaves are fuificiently dried, they ate pull'd from off the Stalks, and made up in little Bundles ; which being fleep'd in Sea-water, or for want thereof, in common Water, are twiitcd, in manner of Ropes; and the Twills form'd in- to Rolls, by winding them with a kind of Mill around a Stick.

In this Condition 'tis imported into Europe, where 'tis cut by the Tobacconifls, for Smoaking ; form'd into Snuff", and the like.

BeSides the Tobacco of the Weft-Indies, there are consider- able Quantities cultivated in the Levant, the Coalts of Greece and the Archipelago, the island of Malta and Italy. The Marks of good Twill Tobacco, are a fine Shining Cut, an agreeable Smell ; and that it have been well kept.

Tobacco is either taken by way of Snuff, as a Sternutatory;, or as a MafHcatory by chewing it in the Mouth ; or by

fmoaking it in a Pipe. See Pipe, Sternutatory, Mas- ticatory, Fumigation, £gc.

Tis fometimes alfo taken in little Iongifh Pellets put up the Noie, where 'tis found to produce very good Effeas, to attract a deal of Water or Pituita, unload the Head, refolve Catarrhs, and make a free Refpiration ; for the fubtile Parts of the Tobacco in Inspiration, are carried into the Trachea and Lungs, where they loofen rhe peccant Humours adhering thereto, and promote Expeftoration.

Some have left this Tobacco in their Nofes all Night; but this is found to occafion Vomiting the morrow Morning. Another thing charged on this Way of Application, is, that it weakens the Sight.

Tobacco is held a firft rate Narcotic. See Opiate.

When taken in gre't Quantities in the way of Snuff, 'tis found to prejudice the Smelling, greatly diminishes the Appe- tite, and in time gives rife to a Phthifis.

That taken in the way of Smoak, dries and damages the Brain. Sorrheus in a Letter to liartholine, mentions a Per- fon, who through Excefs of Smoaking had dried his Brain to that degree, that after his Death, there was nothing found in his Head but a little black Lump, confuting of mere Membranes.

. Some People ufe the Infufion of Tobacco as an Emetic ; but 'tis a very dangerous and unjustifiable Praflice, and often produces violent Vomitings, Sicknefs and Stupidity.

Sates and Fuller give fome Receipts, in which Tobacco is an Ingredient with mighty Encomiums in Asthmatic Cafes.

A Strong Decoflion of Tobacco, with proper Carminatives and Catharticks, given Clytter-wiie, fomecimes proves of good Effect, in what is ufually called the Si one Colic; and alfo in the Iliac Paffion. See Colic and Iliac Pajfion.

A Drop or two of the Chymical Oil of Tobacco being put on the Tongue of a Cat produces violent Convulsions, and Death itfelf in the Space of a Minute ; yet the fame Oil ufed in Lint, and applied to the Teeth, has been a Service in the Tooth-ach ; though it mutt be to thofe that have been ufed to the taking of Tobacco, otherwife great: Sicknefs, Reachings, Vomiting, (Ire. happens ; and even in no Cafe is the internal Ufe of it warranted by ordinary Practice.

A Strong Decoction of the Stalks, with Sharp pointed Dock and Allom, is faid to be of good Service, ufed exter- nally, in Cutaneous Diitempers, especially the Itch. Some boil them for that Purpofe in Urine. The fame is faid to be Infallible in curing the Mange in Dogs.

Sig. Pattlli, Phyfician of the King of 'Denmark, in an exprefs Treatife on Tobacco, obferves that the Merchants fre- quently lay it in Bog-houfes, to the End that becoming Im- pregnated with the volatile Salt of the Excrements, it may be rendred the brisker, more fcetid and Stronger.

Amurath IV. Emperor of the Turks'; the Grand Duke of Mufcovy, and the Emperor of Terlia have prohibited the Ufe of Tobacco in their States. Our King James I. wrote a Treatife againft Tobacco, entitled a Cotmter-blaft to Tobacco. By a Bull of Pope Urban VIII. fuch are excommunicated, as take Tobacco in Churches.

TOD of Wooll; is mention'd in nCar.c. 23. as a Weight, containing 2 S Pounds and two Stone. See Wooll.

It is derived from the French, Toilet, a Wrapper, within which, by Ufage, two Stone of Wooll is folded.

TOES, by Anatomifls, call'd Ttigiti pedis, ate the ex- treme Divifionsof the Feet, anfwering to the Fingers of the Hand. Sec Foot.

The Toes of each Foot confiSt of 14 Bones ; the great Toe having two, and the reft three each. They are like the Bones of the Fingers, but fhorter. See Finger.

In the Toes ate found, twelve OfTa Sefamoidsea as in the Fingers. Sec Sesamoidjea.

The Gout chiefly Seizes the greatTV. See Gout.

TOFT, Toftum or Tofta, in our Law-books, a Parcel of Land, or a Place where a Meffuage hath Stood, but is decay'd orcafually burnt, and not re-edified.

TOGA, in Antiquity, a large woollen Gown or Mantle, without Sleeves, ufed among the Romans, both by Men and Women.

In procefs of Time, none wore the Toga but lewd Women, whence that of Horace.

In Matrona^ peccefve togata.

The Tcga was of divers Colours, and admitted of various Ornaments : There was that called Tcga Tlomefiica, wore within Doors ; Toga Forenjis, wore Abroad ; Toga Militaris, ufed by Soldiers, tucked up after the Gaiinian Fafhion ; and Tcga PitJa, or Triitm phalis, wherein the Victorious triumphed, embroidered with Palms : that without any Ornaments, was called Toga Pura.

TheToga was fometimes wore open, call'd Aperta : Some-, times girt or tuck'd up, call'd Preecintla ; And this Cincture or Girding again, according to Sigonius, was of three Kinds : Laxior, or the loofe Kind, where the Tail trailed on the Ground; AflriSior, the clofe Kind, wherein it did not reach [Ktt] f 8